Corruption is often observed as a huge problem preventing developing countries from sustainably addressing poverty. Do you agree? If so, what ought to be done about this issue?
11 December 2025
10 December 2025
Case 1
IK Gujral became PM of India in 1997 with the support of Congress, and as he became PM, he shared list of all RAW agents (CIT-X and CIT-J) working in Pakistan with the Pakistan govt and stopped all intelligence operations in Pakistan. ISI killed all our brave RAW agents. Just after this, Pakistan carried out Kargil Proof: Video attached Case 2 During 1990-92, IFS officer Hamid Ansari was the ambassador in Iran. He shared details of all RAW agents working in Iran to Iran regime. All RAW agents were arrested, tortured and killed. Hamid Ansari completely destroyed RAW set up in Gulf Just after it, Mumbai blast happened Congress rewarded Ansari in 2007 and made him Vice President of India and made him again in 2012 Proof: documents attached in Post 2/3 STAR Boy TARUN on X: "Reference How Hamid Ansari destroyed RAW set up in Gulf 2/3 https://t.co/wrrXPHPc7V" / X Case 3 In 2007, a bomb blast happened in Samjhauta Express. Indian agencies arrested a Pakistani man Ajmat Ali for this blast but Manmohan Singh govt of that time released him and secretly sent him back to Pakistan and in place of him arrested 4-5 innocent Hindus and declared it Hindu Terrorism. In 2009, US agency confirmed that Samjhauta express blast was carried out by Pakistan and LeT terrorist Arif Qasmani was mastermind of it Even after that Congress govt didn't acquit those innocent Hindus. A special court acquitted all those innocent Hindus in March 2019 Proof: documents attached in post 3/3 STAR Boy TARUN on X: "Reference UPA govt released Pakistani terrorist in Samjhauta Blast and arrested innocent Hindus US agency confirmed it was carried out by Pakistan 3/3 https://t.co/L8v6U8OLhV" / X4 June 2025
21 June 2023
Rahul visited America before the visit of the Prime Minister of India and perhaps paid money to some brokers to influence the public and gain false popularity.
Excerpts from a letter addressed to President Biden by 75 US Senators & Members of Congress urging him to take up these issues with Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Indian media will not show you this. But read the content to know why we as Indians should be worried. ‘๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐ซ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฌ๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ค๐ข๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐๐๐, ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐, ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐ข๐๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐ณ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฃ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ, ๐๐ง๐ ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ ๐๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ.’ ‘๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ ๐ซ๐๐๐๐จ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ฆ๐ ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐ซ๐ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ฒ ๐๐จ๐ญ๐ก ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ.’ ‘๐๐ง๐๐ข๐, ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ญ ๐ก๐๐ฌ ๐๐๐๐ง ๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ๐ญ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ, ๐ก๐๐ฌ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐๐ง ๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ข๐๐ข๐๐๐ง๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ง๐ค๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐๐จ๐ฆ. ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐๐จ๐ซ๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ฐ, ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ ๐ซ๐๐ง๐ค๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ก๐ฎ๐ญ๐๐จ๐ฐ๐ง๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ข๐๐ญ๐ก ๐ฒ๐๐๐ซ ๐ข๐ง ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ.’ ‘๐๐ ๐ฌ๐ก๐๐ซ๐ ๐ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐๐๐ข๐๐ฅ ๐๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ฆ๐จ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐ฌ๐ก๐๐ฉ๐๐ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฌ. ๐๐ซ. ๐๐๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ง ๐๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ซ ๐๐ข๐ง๐ , ๐๐ซ, ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐ ๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ก๐๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐๐ฌ, ๐ฐ๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐๐ง๐ญ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ก๐ข, ๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ข๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ ๐๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ “๐ ๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ซ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง”.’
https://twitter.com/SupriyaShrinate/status/1671218864116633600
Ms. @SupriyaShrinate
: It’s ok to be critical of your government - we do this all the time in the U.S. - but when your PM is visiting on a critical mission to empower India in the face of a challenging geopolitical environment, your lobbying of the U.S. lawmakers to work against the interest of your own country (and that of mine) is poor form. In contrast, very few republicans will work against the current administration in their dealings with China. They wouldn’t lobby EU lawmakers to undermine President Biden for instance, even though many are unhappy with what’s happening with Trump or LGBTQ+ policies, both hot-button topics for Republicans. https://twitter.com/mairal/status/1671337141329092610
War Industries
India is making weapons and reducing imports from War Industries. This is not accepted to War Weapon manufacturers. It may result in very difficult period for India's growth line. Particularly Modi must be careful. Zee news inform about War Industry propaganda against India.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTc3PVlBZWs
Democracies by John Mearsmeier : USA may destroy other democracies who are against US interests. https://twitter.com/QuincyInst/status/1567231530862256128
"Yakub Khan terrorist death praised by Muslims in Mumbai. 257 people killed in 1993 Mumbai serial blasts. Terrorist Yakub Memon financed the blasts. He was hanged in 2015. Now after 7 years, his grave decorated NC leader Mustafa Kamal justified & called it a 'display of love' That's what happens when you hand over terrorists' bodies."
https://twitter.com/AskAnshul/status/1567839715042402305
Introduction:
Corruption “is an
ancient problem (fourth century B.C. in India)”[1].
“Corruption represents a common issue globally. Due to the common perception
that corruption hinders economic development and prevents particularly
developing countries from sustainably addressing poverty, both emerging market
economies and democratically developed countries have begun to seriously
consider the economic harm of corruption and have thus begun to invest in
resources to prevent and control corruption”[2].
Corruption is like a white ant in the wood. It eats away at the pillars
(institutions) of the democratic governance judiciary, executive, legislative,
media, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Civilization crumbles
unnoticed.
In this essay, I shall briefly define corruption and the types, practices, motives, and costs of corruption as per
literature. I shall then explain methods to combat corruption in developing
countries of well-ordered peoples theorized by Rawls and suggested by Brock. I
reason corruption can be fought efficiently and effectively by adopting and
strengthening institutions of a democratic system with accountability. Combating corruption from top to the
bottom or bottom to the top are two sides of the same coin. Vigilant, non-corrupt
media is important to protect basic liberties. “Without a free press, citizens
might not even be aware of injustices and violations of basic liberties
perpetrated by the ruling powers… in holding their governments to account”.[3] I advocate
free press and media, political will, an independent judiciary, transparency,
and well-defined powers of administrative powers of executives to combat corruption.
In a democracy, People ‘deliberate and legitimate’[4] political will to implement rule of law. Institutions so empowered will reinstate political and civil liberties ‘on the ground’[5]. Corruption is an economic criminal offense. Brock rightly wrote “No one should be above the law; everyone must feel that they could be held to account for their behavior. A culture of impunity must not be allowed to prevail”[6].
What is corruption:
As per D’Agostino “the world
bank settled on - “the abuse of public office for private gain as the usable
definition of corruption”[7].
Transparency International defines it as “the abuse of entrusted power for
private gain”[8].
Hellman argues that “corruption is a derivative concept A. in theory and B. in
practice ”.[9]
The same is explained by Miller.[10]
Types of Corruption:
If we look at the MONIAC
Machine[11]
and Arthakranti[12]
YouTube video, there shall be three different types of
leakage. These can be large, small, and wilful leakage by an operator. The same
is defined by academic authors as grand, petit, and political corruption. In
Bill Phillip’s Machine as explained by Anil Bokil Arthakranti, leakage is
corruption. Combating corruption means stopping leakages of the system.
Practices of Corruption:
Brock summarises “Many
practices are described as corrupt, including bribery, misappropriation of
public resources for private ends, inappropriate use of influence, state
capture, nepotism, and some conflicts of interest”[13].
Motives of Corruption:
There are many motives
for corrupt actions. It includes desires for wealth accumulation, status and
power. Corruption involves corruptor, corrupted and corrupt action.
Cost of Corruption
Literature Review
“Corruption distorts
priorities, exacerbates inequalities, hampers economic growth, and often
results in considerable harm”, is a huge cause of exit and
migration, and security challenges”[14], [15]. Bayley explains the harmful
and beneficial effects of corrupt acts.[16] I am of the opinion that the beneficial effects mentioned by him are temporary and for the gain of a few
individuals. I believe corrupt acts are evil in a society and it should always
be combated; though “effects of corruption depend on the extent to which
bureaucrats coordinate their rent-seeking behaviour”.[17] But according to Mauro “Corruption has
substantial, adverse effects on economic growth… when corruption is widespread,
individuals do not have incentives to fight it even if everybody would be
better off without it”.[18]
It confirms that
corruption is a huge problem that prevents developing countries from
sustainably addressing poverty. Rawls
and Brock provide methods to combat corruption. Brock analyzed and explained in
detail[19].
I shall quote mainly Brock and add my comments wherever I think it needs.
Methods to combat
corruption
As per Rawls
“Liberal peoples have three basic features: a
reasonably just constitutional democratic government that serves their
fundamental interests; citizens united by what Mill called “common sympathies”;
and finally, a moral nature. The first is institutional, the second is
cultural, and the third requires a firm attachment to political (moral)
conceptions of right and justice[20]…
What institutions and practices might be necessary to keep a constitutional
democratic government reasonably just, and to prevent it from being corrupted,
is a huge topic … that it is necessary to frame institutions in such a way as
to motivate people sufficiently, both citizens and government officers, to
honor them, and remove the obvious temptations to corruption”.[21]
I agree with Rawls that
institutions can implement the agenda of the government.
He assumes that ‘political principles for a
reasonably just constitutional regime allow us to deal with a great variety of
cases [including corruption], if not all.”[22]
Democratic
system, political will, rule of law and basic
liberties are key requirements to combat corruption. All are important to
combat corruption. Institutions (legislative assembly, judiciary,
executives like bureaucrats, inspectors) implement laws and rules of well-ordered
peoples. “Public reasoning aims for public justifications”[23]
Press and media, NGOs help in educating people and developing reasoning for
justifications.
“Deliberative democracy also recognizes that
without education in the basic aspects of constitutional democratic government
for all citizens, and without a public informed about pressing problems,
crucial political and social decisions simply cannot be made”.[24]
Press and media play an important
part.
As per Brock “Authors
agree that there is something akin to a universal understanding of what
corruption is, and all dispute the idea that corruption may simply be in the
eye of the beholder. However, there are also sharp disagreements – for example
over whether corruption is best eliminated from the top down, or whether
bottom-up approaches are more effective”[25]. I
believe top-down or bottom-up approaches are two sides of the same coin and both must act simultaneously to
combat corruption effectively. Top-down means from the president / prime minister/ chief
minister downwards to a government worker. The bottom-up approach means “public
deliberation about the issues that need to be addressed and the options for
resolving them”[26] [
in democracy].
Let me explain it more in detail.
To combat corruption
there should be political will, which can be propagated by media and NGOs. Brock
mentioned, “In 2003, it was found that 17 percent of the world’s population live in countries with a free press, 40
percent have a partly free press, and 43 percent have a press that is not free
... These figures do show a considerable decline over recent years”[27].
Transparency International noted that democratic countries are the least
corrupt. People deliberate powers to politicians. Due to this, political will (top to bottom) is the first step. This political will shall set the agenda for the media and activities of NGOs.
In many countries, media and NGOs create rhetoric to combat corruption. This rhetoric may support corrupt politicians who may support their evil masters or elites. I add that some corrupt media, NGOs, legislators, and bureaucrats are cunning (extra/over intelligent) to hide their motives and support corruption till exposed by competing media, NGOs, and non-corrupt institutions.
I agree with Brock that
media does not play a constructive part in all societies. She
mentions “Having a free press is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for
the adequate protection of basic liberties.”[28] She
further writes that “press freedom must be
balanced with press responsibility”[29] and explains several common reasons why a free press is
not enjoyed in corrupt societies: Reasons are usually given that “Media is a mouthpiece for the ruling regime”, “violence against
journalists”, “legislation
and financial pressures”, “threatening tax audits”
etc[30]. In addition, media is controlled by elites in some countries.
Brock quote Vogl.
“It is not governments that are leading the anti-corruption charge, instead it is a grand adhoc
coalition of civil society activists, journalists, philanthropists, and
scholars. And in the years to come, it will continue to be the case that these
forces will set the agenda, press governments with mounting vigor and impact
reforms and monitor the measures announced to see that they are effectively
implemented.[31]”
Broc adds Vogl viewpoint that a “powerful combination of forces is steadily
amassing, helping national anti-corruption movements grow in strength every
day”[32].
I agree it is true but not in all cases. Indian example (from 2014 till today) indicates
that most media and NGOs are setting an agenda in favor of corrupt
politics which may create unrest in a developing country like India. This
happens more vigorously during an election year
(Indian elections are due in 2019). This instability
shall be exploited by international capital elites.
Brock clarifies “Freedom of speech does not entail that we may say whatever we like, wherever we like. Clearly, such ‘freedoms must be constrained by others’ freedoms”[33].
According to her “some
cultures embrace ways of life that seem not to value liberty”[34] I am of the opinion all cultures value liberty. Only some
rulers of those cultures do not value liberty. Those who are financially or circumstantially
dependent on such a ruler value obedience. Personal freedom is wanted but under
compulsion, obedience is accepted. She clarifies my reasons as “to be able to engage in such activities one must typically
enjoy a number of basic liberties, such as freedom from coercion, attack, and
torture”.[35]
This may be why slaves were not allowed to vote in some countries.
If slaves would have been allowed, then either these slaves would have
voted in favour or against the owner. In both cases democratic representation
would not have been correct. This doubt was cleared by Vogl which is quoted
by Brock by stating that ‘no known culture “values dishonesty and
unfairness”.[36] No culture likes corruption[37].
Theory without practice is sterile
and practice without theory is blind. I shall now explain methods adopted in
India to combat corruption. BJP government won 2014 parliament elections. It is
to be noted before 2014, there was a congress party in India that was not only
corrupt but was supporting corrupt political parties and used to purchase media
journalists.[38]
India meets all my assumptions. It is a democratic country. Instrument of
politics were mostly corrupt. Corrupt media, NGOs, bureaucrats, police, sales
tax, income tax, and even judiciary as chief ministers, including the ruling congress party president, were also corrupt. Corrupt media favored corruption
and corrupt in India.
But some in all instruments were not corrupt. Narendra Modi was not corrupt. People believed and trusted him and voted him to power in the 2014 parliament elections. He got the majority and started combating corruption by implementing steps like demonetizing currency, smart cards, transparency, tax reform, auditing of bank and government departments by independent auditors, checking illicit financial flows by routing all finances through banks, procurement reform, utilizing new technology, creating transparent systems, making judiciary independent (judiciary was independent but due to all around corrupt practices many judges of the supreme court also became corrupt), selecting non-corrupt chief ministers and parliament ministers.
Corrupt media often created rhetoric against political decisions in favor of the corrupt. But the majority
of reasonable people did not follow the media blindly. This proves[39]
that corruption can be combated from top to bottom, but the fact remains people
delegated power to Modi which he could exercise. If there would not have been a
proper non-corrupt alternative, people would have delegated powers to the wrong
person and corruption would not have been combated.
Slowly Modi tightened corrupt media,
NGOs, judiciary, executives etc. But again, it was not possible without
non-corrupt media, executives etc. Corruption can be combated by the top
(leadership) with the help of the bottom (people- who delegate the power to top
leadership) and both are important. In addition, it is only possible in a democracy.
This example confirms methods to
combat corruption stipulated by Rawls for well-ordered peoples, and methods
advocated by Vogl, Rotberg, and Varraich summarised by Brock are worth
implementing.
Brock quotes Varraich “without a
reasonably competent, impartial, uncorrupted, honest, and effective public
administration, representative democracy is unlikely to deliver or increase
human well-being”[40]
Brock also quotes Vogl: “Much of the corruption on this planet stems from the
willingness of the governments of rich nations to provide exceptional support
to corrupt overseas leaders in exchange for arms deals; rights to oil, gas, and
mining resources; and strategic relationships”[41]
I agree as media and NGOs owned by multinational companies (MNC) supported the corrupt congress party. MNCs controlled media through cumbersome shareholding structures and obliged some NGOs by paying huge amounts. Brock also quoted Rothstein and Varraich stating that corruption “usually occurs at the intersection of public and private spheres”.[42]
Examples are many in India. Nationalized banks gave a loan to big industrialists, who did not pay the amount and migrated outside India.[43] World Bank emphasizes enhancing transparency, implementing anti-money laundering, and tax reforms.[44] As an example, it explains how corruption could be combated in Nigeria, India, and the Dominican Republic.
Conclusion:
Combating corruption is a systematic, comprehensive, and persistent effort. I reasoned corruption is least in democratic countries and can be removed from the top to bottom by strengthening democratic institutions like the judiciary, executives, and legislatures. Media and NGOs convince/educate people that corruption causes poverty and conflicts, then people may / will elect non-corrupt legislators/members of parliament. The political will / legislative power will create institutions that will implement rule of law in executive functioning with modern gadgets which may promote transparency. This may minimize corruption if not eliminated. As corruption corrodes society slowly, in the same way corrupt practices of the community can be controlled/minimized by the continuous persistent will of people including non-corrupt NGOs, media, and elected representatives. It is a slow process as the habits of the people/thinking of people cannot be switched on and off like an electric bulb.
Read also https://unnwo.blogspot.com/2021/04/corruption-in-india.html
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Notes / References
[1] Bardhan, “Corruption and Development: A
Review of Issues,” 1.
[2] Huang, “Is Corruption bad for economic
growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific countries,” 1-2.
[3] Brock, Global Justice A Cosmopolitan
Account, 161.
[4] Brock,100.
[5] Brock, 157.
[6] Brock, 166.
[7] D’Agostino, Dunne and Pieroni, “Government
Spending, Corruption and Economic Growth,” 190.
[8] Transparency International Home, “What is
Corruption”
[9] Hellman, “Defining Corruption and Constitutionalizing Democracy,”
1391 and 1396.
[10] Miller, “Corruption”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
[11] Reservebankofnz, “Making Money Flow: The
Moniac” Youtube Video.
[12] ArthakrantiAD, “Arthkranti - what is it?”
Youtube Video.
[13] Brock, “How Should We Combat Corruption?
Lessons from Theory and Practice,”103
[14] Brock, 105
[15] D’Agostino, Dunne and Pieroni, “Government Spending, corruption and
Economic Growth,” 190-205. They prove empirically that corruption effects
growth negatively.
[16] Bayley, “The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation”,724 and
726. It may be good in a developing nation but once allowed politicians and
civil servants constitute an elite and slowly gangsters and mafia takes over good
intentions of elites.
[17] Blackburn and Forgues-Puccio, “Why is corruption less harmful in
some countries than in others?” 797.
[18] Mauro, “The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth” 1
and 17.
[19] Gillian Brock, “How Should We Combat
Corruption? Lessons from Theory and Practice,” Ethics & International
Affairs 32, Special Issue no. 1(2017): 103-117.
[20] Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 23.
[21] Rawls,, 24.
[22] Rawls, 25.
[23] Rawls, 155
[24] Rawls, 139.
[25] Brock, “How should We Combat Corruption?
Lessons from Theory and Practice,” 117.
[26] Brock, Global Justice A Cosmopolitan
Account, 100.
[27] Brock, Global Justice A Cosmopolitan
Account, 162.
[28] Brock, 161.
[29] Brock, 161.
[30] Brock, 163.
[31] Brock, “How Should We Combat Corruption? Lessons
from Theory and Practice”,109.
[32] Brock, 109
[33] Brock, Global Justice A Cosmopolitan
Account, 153.
[34] Brock, 154.
[35] Brock, 155.
[36] Brock, “How should We Combat Corruption?
Lessons from Theory and Practice,” 113.
[37] Brock, 113.
[38] “68 Journalists, writers and
bureaucrats given 2.5 lakh/month to write against PM Modi through Cambridge
Analytica!”, April http://postcard.news/68-journalists-writers-and-bureaucrats-given-2-5-lakh-month-to-write-against-pm-modi-through-cambridge-analytica/
[39] World Bank confirmed, that
smart card played an important part to combat corruption in India. “Combating
Corruption,” The World Bank, September 26, 2017, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance/brief/anti-currpution
[40] Brock, “How Should We Combat Corruption? Lessons from
Theory and Practice”, 110.
[41] Brock,, 110.
[42] Brock, 110.
[43] Nirav Modi, Mallya and bank
cases in India. Examples are also mentioned by Brock of five largest banks of
wall street.
[44] World Bank, “Combating Corruption”.
