Does Cultural Hindutva cause conflict?
Does Cultural Hindutva cause
Islamophobia?
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Literature
review
4. Chapter
one: Nationalism and media
4.1 Theory
of Hindu nationalism
4.2 What
is terrorism
4.3 Empathetic
media (nexus of politics, profit, and media)
4.4 Hate
is a political tool
4.5 Hate
is an industry
4.6 How
does nationalism spread and nourish
4.7 Transnational
media, communication and diaspora
5. Chapter
two: Hindu Nationalism
5.1 Who
is a Hindu?
5.2 Savarkar’s
Hindutva
5.3 Hindutva
changes with time
5.4 Secularism
in Hindu nationalism
5.5 Mission
of Rashtriya Swayemsevak Sangh
5.6 Bhartiya
Janta Party
6. Chapter
three:
6.1
Hinduism in New Zealand
6.2
Demography
6.3
Hindu organizations in NZ
6.4
Hindu council in NZ
6.5 Guru
culture in NZ
6.6 Hindu
Yoga culture does not incubate
6.7 Cultural
entrenchment of Hindutva
7. Chapter
four: Review of NZ media on Hindutva
7.1 An
Ugly Islamophobia
7.2 Bhartiya
Mandir celebrations
7.3 Cultural
Hindutva and Islamophobia
7.4 Stop
Hindu Hate Advocacy Network
7.5 Dismantling
Global Hindutva
7.6 New
Lynn Terror attack
7.7 Deep
Divisions are brewing in NZ
7.8 Kashmir
files
7.9 Muslims in NZ feel threatened
7.10 Additional
Islamophobia in NZ
8. Chapter
five: Assessing claims of Hindutva in NZ
8.1 Does
cultural Hindutva cause Islamophobia?
8.2 Economics
of Temples
8.3 Hindu
nationalism has much less influence on the diaspora
8.4 Visit
to Dharma Fest on August 7, 2022
8.5 HOTA
meeting
8.6 Nexus
of politics, profit, and media
8.7 Motive:
profit from hate news
8.8 Muslim
representative Aliya did not confirm that Hindu culture cause hatred
8.9 Police did not confirm that Hindu culture
cause hatred
8.10 Has
there been any intimidation or violence by Hindus
8.11Dutta
distorts history
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
11. Appendix
Introduction:
"New Zealand (NZ) is
one of the smaller countries in the world, as measured by size, population,
economic resources, and arms."[1]
According to Miller, "New Zealand enjoys a strong tradition of
democratically elected party government"[2] and good
governance. But on March 15, 2019, Christchurch terrorist attack shattered the
community peace of Aotearoa (NZ). Communities and the government felt shocked
at this happening, though one community used to complain before 2019 about the
online and offline use of offensive words against them. The NZ Prime Minister
took all necessary measures to win the people's confidence at this critical
juncture, but the Muslim community continues to feel insecure and fearful.
After three years of Christchurch’s Mosque attack, Muslim community activists
say that they are still facing daily racism in their life.[3] A
study confirmed that hatred of the Muslim community is increasing worldwide,
with NZ no exception.[4]
Christchurch attack
killed 49 Muslims, disturbing New Zealand's peace, for Police were unaware of
the preparations for this attack by a lone wolf later known as “Saint Tarrant”
by Action Zealandia.[5]
People's cooperation is essential to discovering the lone Wolf in time. The
lone wolf can be from any community, religion, or culture. It is for this
reason, in this dissertation, cultural Hindutva and Hindu nationalism need
critical examination.
The main reasons for
Islamophobia are “lack of knowledge about Islam, racism in the media,”[6] and “profiteering by politicians and elites.”[7]
Professor Mohan J. Dutta, the dean’s
chair in communication at Massey University (Dutta), and Dr. Danny Osborne,
University of Auckland psychology lecturer (Osborne) refer to the power
politics of political parties, including right-wing authoritarianism around the
world. Professor Colleen Ward (Ward) points to racism spread by media and a
lack of knowledge of Islamic culture.[8]
Many scholars[9]
narrate that Hindutva infuses a sense of pride and the sense of supremacy in
the Hindu community in India and its diaspora. According to Dutta, this sense
of superiority and pride in the Hindu community in New Zealand leads to fear,
prejudice, and insecurity, among New Zealand Muslims.[10]
Recently New Zealand
Herald published that hatred is brewing between two migrants,
Kiwi-Indian-Hindus (Hindus) and Kiwi-Indian-Muslims (Muslims). According to
Dutta, Hindu nationalism portrays Muslims and Christians as invaders. Dutta and
Kumbamu[11]
refer to the legislations passed by the Indian parliament like the Citizenship
Amendment Act (CAA) 2019, the National Register of Citizens (NRC), the bill on
three talaqs of Muslim practice and abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution
on Kashmir. In addition, Muslims fear Modi for the Gujarat riots, in which
around a thousand Muslims were killed after Muslims burnt two bogies of a train
killing Karsevaks (who serve others) returning from Ayodhya.
The second cause,
according to Dutta, is Hindu culture, which teaches Hindu nationalism through
Hindu “cultural forms, artifacts, and performances”. Dutta blames Hindu
organizations and Hindu institutions of education and temples that propagate
Hindu culture for inculcating Hindutva (Hindu nationalism, which breeds hatred)
against Muslims in India and New Zealand (NZ). Dutta adds, "The Vishwa
Hindu Parishad (VHP) is a terrorist organization that has been directly linked
to the deployment of violence and cultural elements of Hindutva in Aotearoa be
closely examined.”[12]
Jaffrelot, who deeply
observed Indian politics, confirmed that Islamophobia is the product of Moditva
that “interlaced Hindutva with populism.”[13] Media
and the internet transmitted hatred between Hindus and Muslims to NZ.
It is, therefore,
necessary to find out if there is any hatred in Hindus against Muslims in
Aotearoa. If yes, is this hatred related to the current political decisions
taken by Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP), which Dutta and others assume? Or is this
rhetoric created by Indian and international print, social and other media
against BJP? Or Is this hatred ingrained in Cultural Hindutva in NZ? Dutta
confirms that literature is silent on Indians in NZ and does not refer to the
presence of Hindutva.[14] Leckie called it
“invisible Indians.”[15]
I follow discourse
analysis methodology to determine if Hindu culture (Cultural Hindutva) causes conflict.
Methodology
The present study shall
use the discursive analysis method to understand Hindu Dharma propagated in New
Zealand. As a methodological approach, the discursive analysis shall analyze
the discourses and discussions in temples and Hindu groups based on the signs,
language, dances, songs, and words used during celebrations and get-togethers.
The background of the persons in discussions and academics and their intentions
are considered before concluding.
A survey of the media
date wise was the priority to find out when, why, and how is nationalism
infused in Kiwi-Hindus, who believe in “Vasudhaive Katumbkam” (World as one
family) and “Serve Bhaventu Sukhina” (May all be happy and prosper)? Who is the
party behind this infusion of hatred? And what is the motive? Due to the time
limitation and legal and ethical permissions requirements, personal interviews
with Indians and a survey of opinions among Hindus and Muslims did not occur.
This dissertation shall
discuss issues raised by Dutta or references[16]
quoted by Dutta (Dutta and others). In addition, scholarships of Jaffrelot[17]
are also taken into consideration. Jaffrelot studied Indian politics in detail
and the information provided by Newspapers in India. In addition, I studied NZ
print media, social media like Facebook, and Twitter, opinions expressed by
Hindus online, and views expressed on YouTube by Indian politicians. Savarkar coined
the word Hindutva and Dutta modified it to Cultural Hindutva.
“Hindutva and cultural
Hindutva are ambiguous and do not express Hindu culture or nationalism” Jaipal
Datta.
To understand the
terminology of Hindutva, I shall explain who Hindus are, What is Hindutva, What
the mission of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Vishwa Hindu Parishad
(VHP), and What Hindu nationalism is. And how is Hindutva/Hinduism/Hindu Dharma
percolating/diffusing in New Zealand? How many cultural institutions of Hindus
are in NZ? What are they preaching? Does Hindu Dharma (Hinduism) preach any
violence?
After explaining Hindu
Dharma (Hinduism/Hindutva), I shall examine the demography in New Zealand and
Hindu organizations in New Zealand. I shall further analyze - Do Guru culture,
and Yogic exercises teach hatred between different communities? Finally, I
shall explain the cultural entrenchment of Hindutva in India and then correlate
how it percolates to NZ.
Lastly, I shall assess
the gravity of this conflict in Hindu culture as explained by Dutta and others
and link it with my observations among Hindus in New Zealand and my visits to
temples and Hindu functions organized at different places. Many Hindus are
god-fearing and do not want to come into the limelight. Transparent
conversations need time, which is possible only after gaining people's
confidence. Many Indians who believe in different faiths of Indian origin want
to remain invisible and avoid active participation in transparent discussions.
I hypothesize that it is
not Hindu culture (Hinduism and Hindutva) that generates hatred but the power
politics in India. Misinformation and disinformation spread hatred among Hindus
and Muslims in New Zealand through the internet, micro-, meso- and macro media.
My observation of Hindu get-togethers in Hindu temples and meetings confirms
the same.
To strengthen my
hypothesis, information from the Police was sought under the Official
Information Act 1982 (OIA), section 15A(1) and a direct question was raised to
Aliya Danzeisen (Aliya) during a webinar meeting. Police in media and Aliya in
the webinar confirm that Hindu culture does not cause conflict. An answer from the
Police is awaited.
In addition, I have
quoted YouTube of political leaders of India, which is in the Hindi language. I
observed that English media distorted some facts. Facts are more explicit in the
Hindi language. In other words, English media in India discussed biased opinions,
which also added fuel to the fire. Muslims are swayed by misinformation. Indian
politics and culture inform about Kiwi Indian emotions.
Kiwi Indians (Muslims and
Hindus) in New Zealand belong to different states of India. Therefore, their behaviour
depends on that state's politics (central and state relationship).
Literature review
Chapter One: Nationalism and Media
Territory and people are
two main constituents of a Nation. People live on territory and need territory
to grow food, eat, drink, and create. Some people migrated, and with the growth
of agriculture, economy, and technology, migration to other territories
accelerated. Industrialization, technology, transportation, the internet, and
media shrank and globalized the world. In the global era of migration,
deterritorialization is taking place. But Nationalism is also reappearing with
new boundaries and territories. Nationalism was and is continually constructed
and connected to history (memory), geography (territory), economics, and
Identity (culture, race, language, ideology, religion). Nationalism exists due
to the interests of the community, persons, and political interests of elites.[18]
Theory of Hindu Nationalism
The conception of
nationalism of Treitschke, Renan, and Billig differs from Savarkar, Gandhi, Nehru,
and Modi. Treitschke believed politics of annexing one part of the territory
from the other state if required. According to Treitschke state is supreme
(Realist), while Renan nationalism is more humane and values the individual’s
opinion (Idealist).[19]
Savarkar and Modi are realists, while Gandhi and Nehru are idealists.
Nations follow either
Treitschke or Renan. But Billig thinks, "History has created nations and,
in time, it will unmake them. New forms of the community will emerge, for the
past is never repeated exactly….Maybe, nations are already past their heyday,
and their decline has already been set in motion. But this does not mean that
nationhood can yet be written off, and its flaggings dismissed as pastiche or
nostalgia.”[20]
Instead, Billig refers to political leaders’ identity, ideology, realpolitik,
and thinking. Billig concludes, "Nationalism, as an ideology, is not
confined to national borders, but its assumptions have been diffused
internationally.”[21]
Diaspora provides a base for nationalism.
Thobani[22];
Falcone[23];
Bhatt & Mukta[24];
Therwath[25];
Leidig[26];
Leidig, Ganesh, and Bright confirm that “diaspora networks are one of the keys,
but often invisible, drivers in reinforcing long distance nationalism towards
the homeland but simultaneously construct nationalist myths within their
countries of residence.”[27]
“These diasporic activists enact a synergetic nationalism that has productive
effects in home and host countries.”[28]
Falcone reasons out by
writing that “The fluidity of borders and categories, the movement of money,
ideas, and people, as well as new technologies allowing so much contact between
constantly shifting bodies on both sides of the journey, has allowed “the
diaspora” to overspill its always ready frail walls…It is no longer useful to
treat home and diaspora as if they are utterly differentiated bounded
entities.”[29]
Diaspora is the bye
product of modernization, long-distance nationalism, traveling, or hybridizing
in new global conditions. I am considering diaspora “not in substantialist
terms as a bounded entity, but rather as an idiom, a stance, a claim,” as
explained by Brubaker.[30]
I am convinced that no liberal state can seal its borders. Migrants (including
refugees and asylum seekers) are around two percent of the world population,
and migration is neither unidirectional nor permanent (modified from Brubaker's
article).[31]
Understanding or knowing
the psychology and culture of Indian migrants, Indian politicians (Jawaharlal
Nehru and Narender Modi) taught Indian migrants/diaspora to identify closely
with the interests of the host country where they are residing. “Despite
various political events over the decades, the essence of that policy shaped
the relationship between the Pravasis and Bharat.”[32] This
policy continues to date.
According to Ghosh,
Indians are connected and united by an epic relationship, an epic without a
text, which is “all for the better perhaps, for if that text were ever written,
it would be shabby, bedraggled, melancholy kind of epic.”[33]
Dhand believes that Hindutva
has taken over Hinduism in the last couple of decades. Hindus are in the
majority and are in all political parties. Some politicians are nationalists,
and some are militant.[34]
In India, some politicians have a criminal record due to corruption. Corrupt money
(money that does not leave a digital print and remains invisible, known as black
money) instead of nationalism led the politics in India after the death of
Indira Gandhi (October 31, 1984).[35] Sonia and Rahul, the
foremost opposition leaders, are on bail.[36]
Under normal
circumstances, people are not aware of nationalism. But it is always in their
consciousness.[37]
According to Jaffrelot, Hindus are strongly connected to Indian territory,
which according to Hindus, is not only their motherland but the sacred land to
where they belong to.[38]
“This ideology contrasts with their transnational development across the globe
that sees Hindus of the diaspora as members of the national [host/Indian]
community, even if they are not citizens of India. The Hindutva movement has
carried this contradiction since the 1920s.”[39]
Jaffrelot explains that it is elementary for
Hindus to accept the new culture, for Hinduism is malleable. It reflects a vital
dimension of India's “traditional xenology”.”[40]
Nishimura and Tella
confirm the same while studying the cultures of many countries. Indian society and culture are ambiguous in many senses. Indians are
seen as spiritual and “other-worldly,” but the “opposite is often true.”[41]
India is highly
diverse and contradictory in many ways. Hindus are the majority in India. It
implies that Hindus are ambiguous and widely divergent.
Narendra Modi said the
people residing on foreign lands represent the best of Indian culture, ethos,
and values.”[42]
“We don’t see the color of the passports.”[43]
Hindu nationalists equate “‘Indian Identity’ with ‘Hindu Identity’… Hindu
nationalism is both universalist and modernist, prompting a global online
expansion.[44]
“Terrorism
is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”[45] Violence and political goal are two
main constituents of terrorism.[46] Does Hindu culture fulfill these
conditions?
“Empathic media” generates “fellow-feeling” to earn profit.
Bakir and McStay (2018)
name it the “economics of emotion.” Bakir and McStay argue
that “Empathic media” help construct hate through false connection, false
context, manipulated-, misleading-, imposter-, fabricated content, and
satire/parody. Due to the “online disinhibition effect” of the internet and
powered by anonymity, it spreads increasingly emotionally abusive misinformation
and disinformation to earn profit. Information rapidly circulates via
user-generated content and propagandists. [47]
I agree that “without
feelings of antipathy, there can be no ethnic conflict [hate industry].”[48]
In other words, there can be no smoke without fire. But fake news causes hatred
and conflict without smoke (antipathy) and fire (hate). “The fake news
situation is socially and democratically problematic on three fronts,”[49]
i.e., fake news produces wrongly informed citizens in wrongly informed echo
chambers with antagonized or outraged emotions. Bakir and McStay further
confirm that fake news generates attention and increases online revenue at the
expense of the quality or accuracy of the news.[50]
Islamophobia spreads faster on Whatsapp.[51]
Hate is a political tool. [52]
Anjum Rahman informs that
hate is a political tool to get political power. Hateful words are used to get
publicity and to get attention. Media helps in providing a platform for
publicity. Political parties in India use it to gain political power (Horowitz).
Hate is an industry
Rahman further says in
her recorded video that hate is an industry and is very well resourced. It is a
very profitable business. Rahman provided an example of the Council of American
Islamic Relations and Peterson. Profit increased from one thousand USD per
month (August 2016) to fifty thousand USD per month (July 2017).
According to Dutta,
Hindutva is far-right politics, and the far-right thrives on the politics of
hate. Hate applies centripetal forces to attract others, and it helps grow the
membership of academic news against Hindutva. Hate dislikes critical thoughts
that challenge power. Criticism is considered anti-national and anti-Hindutva.[53]
According to Dutta, Hindutva hates Muslims. In other words, two minority Indian
ethnic migrants [Indian Kiwi Hindus and Indian Kiwi Muslims], who are
minorities, hate each other, which I did not conclude while meeting many
Indians.
Dutta adds that
capitalists need profit which is the motive behind hate news. Hate flourishes
on inequality. “The establishment of inequality as normative needs the
perpetual other. The other is cast as the threat to the status quo, the
established order, and, therefore, the target of hate. Hate finds legitimacy in
the threat posed by the other.”[54]
There is no inequality between Kiwi Hindus and Kiwi Muslims. Both communities
are migrants and struggle to live.
Is this hate propagated
by micro media, social media, the internet, and digital media to earn profit?
Did NZ media and Dutta want attention and profit from hate news of Hindutva? Or
is there any hidden agenda? Wolfsfeld clarified that media devotes more time to
confrontation and violence, and “these [generation of hatred] are the
unintended consequences that are rooted in the standard norms and routines for
the construction of news.”[55]
Politicians want publicity, and negative coverage is better than no
coverage. Political control of the news
leads to media control. Emotional news stirs passions. Why did Hindutva hate
surface in NZ? One reason is the oft-repeated
stories of passionate hate of Hindutva by NZ media. Media repertoires change
the degree and direction of hatred in New Zealand.
Thus elites/capitalists
invest in the political agendas of Hindutva, radical Islam, and White racism.
Due to the internet and social media, it spreads around the world, including
New Zealand. With just one click of the media button, profit is generated.
How does nationalism spread and nourish in the diaspora?
One
central place is temples, where Hindus take part collectively in listening and
singing Bhajans, eating food, and talking about their Hindu culture. Second is
discourses and storytelling about Hinduism in temples and Sangh branches.
Third, people perform cultural rites and participate actively in festivals and
get-togethers organized by groups, Shakhas, and organizations. For example, the
HOTA forum coordinated October 2022 as a Hindu heritage month in New Zealand.[56] As a result, Hindus celebrate
Ram Navami, Dushehara (Vijay Dashmi) and Diwali in October in New Zealand.
Summer
camps in the U.S. certify that “the spread of Sangh Parivar and its Hindutva
ideology abroad was greatly facilitated by local policies like multiculturalism
and by the rise of racism in emigration countries.”[57] All
this is possible as the host state follows multiculturism. The multiculturism
of the host state encourages each religion to celebrate its functions as per
the uniform civil codes of the liberal state.
The
other factor is there should be racism in the host state. Racism in the host
state unites the diaspora and minorities to organize and react. Reacting
communities organize to safeguard their lives and interests. Reaction of
communities facilitates nationalism. Furthermore, people look back to their
nation, reflecting on the good and bad experiences of both majorities and
minorities.
“This raises further
questions about how Indian diaspora actors articulate ‘new patriotism and the
extent to which they are successful in reshaping the ‘us’ of the radical
extreme right in their countries of settlement, which overwhelmingly imagines
an ethnic homeland.”[58]
It is reported that “parents
(migrants) encourage children to identify with their ethnic origins, language,
nation, and religion.”[59]
For example, “New Zealand-born Indian Sikh,” “Kiwi Sikh,” and “Religious
identities and practices are intimately intertwined with ethnic minority
language use.”[60]
Ganapathy-Coleman asserts and provides “insights into the psychology of
parenting among parents who purposefully integrate their culture of origin into
the culture of their U.S. [NZ] land to define a new “authentic” Indian identity
for their children.”[61]
She differentiates Hindu culture from the others. “In fact, Hindus in
particular, and many Indians more generally, frequently see Hinduism as a
manifestation of a broader Indian identity. Hinduism offers a foundation for so
many aspects of daily life – including ethno theories about parenting,
socialization goals, and children – that it has more often been considered a
lived religion, in contrast to the rules-based, organized and congregational
forms of Abrahamic faiths.”[62]
Why did Rehman (Kiwi-Indian-Muslim) feel insecure
about or afraid of Kiwi-Indian-Hindus living in New Zealand? Is it due to the
conflation of culture and religion in the “distilled ethnicity” [63]
of diaspora influenced by transnational Hindutva? Is there any hidden agenda?
Horowitz explains the
hidden agenda of Indian political parties before elections, where hatred is
evoked between Hindus and Muslims by Congress and other regional political
parties to win the elections.[64]
But these political parties lost political power in the democratic, fair, and
transparent elections in 2014, 2017, 2019[65],
and 2022 due to good governance / effective government by Narender Modi and
Yogi Adityanath in Uttar Pradesh.[66]
People voted against Gandhi's corruption and family rule in the center and
Yadav in Uttar Pradesh.
Another reason can be that Kiwi-Indian-Muslims feel
insecure in New Zealand due to BJP politics in India, for they consider the BJP
against Muslims. Therefore, their relations in India may suffer from Hindutva.
It is explained by Horowitz when he writes that “ethnicity is connected to
family, ethnic conflict has an aspect of playing out of sibling rivalry.”[67]
But why are only Muslims in New Zealand afraid of Hindutva and not Christians,
Parsis, and Jews? Are Hindus in New Zealand afraid of Muslim’s reactions in New
Zealand due to politics in India, which is assumed to be against Muslims? It
needs a survey and further discussions.
Transnational media, communications, and diaspora
According to Bennett,
media helps communication.[68] He divides media into
three parts. Micro media (email, lists, phones, and personal blogs), middle
media (webzines, organization information sites, high traffic blogs, and
protest hubs), and mass media (newspapers, televisions, and other conventional
modes).[69]
I call it micro, meso, and macro media. Cunningham adds that videos,
television, cinema, and music from their home country attract people displaced
from their homelands,[70]
which unite and divide people worldwide. Epics of Ramayan and Mahabharta, Chanakya,
Ashoka, and the popular Hindi films (Indian Bollywood films) play an important
role in unifying the diverse Indian Hindu populations from different provinces
of India. These epics explain how deep-rooted democracy has been in the Indian
culture for thousands of years. It also teaches children about just war
principles and the compassionate, humane nature required in society.
States use the internet
to “stimulate and kindle national loyalty among nationals living in diasporas.”[71]
The Internet made communication very easy. “Internet is a communication
technology which has the potential of making political boundaries congruent
with cultural ones… even when both kinds of boundaries are thoroughly
deterritorialized.”[72]
“But it (internet) also fosters banal reproductions of individual nations and
the world as a world of nations.”[73]
As explained earlier Indian diaspora is irreversibly
connected to India and Indian political movements, affecting people of Indian
origin in different parts of the world. But why should it develop hatred in New
Zealand, where both Hindu and Muslim communities struggle to live peacefully
and are minorities?
Friesen and Voigt Graf[74]
confirm that “Ethnic associations have traditionally been seen to serve the
primary function of migrant integration,” and Indian migrants maintain
transnational linkages by communication technologies, emails, telephones,
Whatsapp, and other social media, print, and digital media.[75] Palmberger confirming Friesen and Voigt Graf, explains further that
virtual spaces are as essential to consider as physical spaces. Migrants take
part in civic and political engagements. Migrants are in the host country and
the nation-state at the same time.[76]
They are virtually present everywhere by using the internet and digital media.
Thobani clarifies “the concepts of long-distance nationalism, diasporic
imaginaries of Axel (Axel explained with the Sikh movement of Khalistan in
India,[77])
and diaspora space” by showing that diaspora “maintains social and political
ties to politicians in both locations” and are useful for the host nation and
homeland.[78]
Hindus worship many Gods and tolerate others who worship other gods. In the
same way, Hindus have no objection to engaging with multiple nationalisms, as
mentioned by Thobani.[79]
Mutman argues that media
can unite and divide the people: “the present condition of intense, dynamic,
and multiple global interactions does not necessarily and uniformly lead to a
pluralistic world of hybrid cultures and negotiated identities beyond
nationalism or essentialism. The same condition is also responsible for
authoritarian and paranoid formations such as racism.”[80] “It also states that a globalized world will not
save us from racism; on the contrary, as it has been proved by its recent rise
in Europe and elsewhere, racism is one of the major consequences of the
impoverished UN world produced by globalization.”[81]
This theory confirms that media and technology are tools for love and hate in a
globalized world and play both constructive and destructive roles.
“Mihaela Nedelcu
argues that culture is being created in new and important ways through online
interaction between family members, while Daniele Conversi posits that
computer-mediated communication is incapable of producing culture at all.”[82]
Information of all types, good and bad, spread in seconds around the world.
As explained by
Ganesh, cultures are formed and deformed by ideologues of all cultures, as the
negativity of ICT. Digital hate culture is difficult to
govern.[83]
A social network is “effective at mobilizing emotion through digital
communications” and sharing emotions.[84]
Rhetoric, emotional hate speech by politicians in place of origin, or hatred
pronounced against the nation-state of diaspora has devastating effects on
contemporary societies.[85]
Hatred speech against Muslims in India causes negativity in the Muslim
diaspora, and media and the internet play a vital role in causing this hatred.[86]
I agree with Jaffrelot
and Therwath that long-distance nationalism influences Indians. The ruling government
in India does not influence this. Political actors, social forces working in
India and the host country, and the ideology of political parties in India and
the host state all play an essential role in diaspora behavior.[87]
Chapter two:
Who is a Hindu? What are Hindu Dharma (Hinduism) and Hindu
Nationalism (Hindutva)?
Indians are the most
ambiguous interlinked, and intertwined people. Indians follow many religions.
Religions of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains originated within Bharat
(Indian) territory. These are Hindu religions. Others follow religions that
originated outside Indian territory. These are Muslims, Christians, Jews, and
Parsies. These are non-Hindu religions.
Indians (Hindus, Muslims,
and Christians) migrated to New Zealand (NZ) from many states of India, spoke
different Indian languages, and practiced different religions. As a result,
Indians in New Zealand accommodate three cultures (Indian, Indian-regional and
Kiwi). Social worker Shridhar Mysore said in 2007 that “on one side, we want to
keep an open mind to allow the wonderful things [from NZ culture] to come in
and at the same time, preserving what we have here so the future generations do
not remain Hindu or Indian just by name.”[88]
Christian informed in
2012 that Hindus are nonviolent vegetarians, worship many Gods, and respect
“all forms of life, big or small…respecting all religions and understanding
that we are all interconnected.”[89]
However, others conclude that Hinduism is malleable and may take any shape.
Definition of Hindus changes with the
mindset of the authors. In recent years many authors have clarified the
dimensions of Hindus.[90]
For example, Jackson wrote in 1922 that
Hindus are people living in an area where there is abnormal heat and seven
rivers flow.[91]
The people on the Indian side, the land that lies between “Sindhu and Sindhu”-
from the Indus River to the seas, were called Hindu. DNA of Hindus and Muslims
is the same.[92]
The head of RSS accepts the same policy.
Hindus worship their land and call it
“Punya Bhumi” (Holy Land). Land (Prithvi) is one of five tatwas that Hindus
worship. Hindus are with one culture and common land.
“A historical definition includes all
Hindu casts, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Dalits, and Adivasis as Hindus because
their religions are of Indian origin. Such a definition excludes Muslims,
Christians, Parsis, and Jews because their religions are of foreign origin. Yet
Hindutva does not represent a threat to the Parsis” [93]
and Jews.
“Hindus … are instrumental in spreading
universal values of brotherhood and humanism wherever they go.”[94] A true Hindu subordinated everything to
spirituality and the purity of the race and admitted the supreme authority of
the Vedas and follows the Verna system.”[95]
Everyone is born as Shudra. Profession decides the Verna of Hindus. Hindus
believe in Hindu Dharma, that is Karma theory and rebirth, Universal love,
Atithi Devo Bhav (Guests are Gods), Sarv Dharm Sambhav (Treat all religions
equally),[96]
Vasudhaiv Kutumbkum (World is one family), and Sarve Bhaventu Sukhina (All
should be happy and prosper).[97]
Hindus are a collection of different castes, races, religions, cultures,
and languages intertwining and mixing together and finally joining Hinduism.
But some authors believe that Christians
and Muslims were assigned subordinate positions in a Hindu nation.[98]
What is Hinduism?
Hinduism is the way of
life adopted by Hindus. Hinduism is the
world’s oldest living religious tradition and believes in “Manava Dharma
Sastra.”[99]“The
Hindu Dharma (religion) reflects the composite character of the Hindus, who are
not one people but many. It is based on the idea of universal receptivity. It
has ever aimed at accommodation itself to the circumstances and has carried on
the process of adaptation through more than three thousand years.”[100]
Hinduism believes in religious harmony by accepting “Ekam Sat Vipra Bahudhaa
Vadanti” “That which exists is one; sages call it by various names.”[101]
Cultural Hindutva shall contain languages and literature, poetry and drama,
Ayurveda, Yoga, Meditation, Vedic mathematics, astronomy, ecology, science and
technology, temple architecture, sculpture, music, dance, paintings, Angkor
wat, Bamiyan Buddha to mention a few cultural forms, artefacts, and advances of
Hindutva besides the community work as well as every day religious practices.
Savarkar’s Hindutva
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
coined the word “Hindutva” after “The War of Independence of 1857”. Hindus
believe God is in all bio-species, including human beings. Hindus welcomed and
respected all guests, considering Guests as Gods (Atithi Devo Bhav) to their
motherland. Muslims/Christians/Jews/Parsis came as guests. Later, guests
understood the weakness of Hinduism and Hindus. Guests exploited Hindu culture
for their benefit, took the men, women, and land by force, and enslaved Hindus.[102]
Nonviolent Hindus were enslaved.[103]
To change this attitude
and character of docile Hindus, Savarkar published “Hindutva: Who is a Hindu”
in 1923. He followed Swami Vivekananda, who preached, “God comes to those who
work hard. God helps them that help themselves.”[104] In
other words, Savarkar changed the direction of Hindutva (quality of
Hindus/Hinduness) from idealism or spiritualism to realism, from effeminate
Hindu to strong manly Hindu men of character and values. Savarkar
wrote this book “after experiencing anti-Hindu riots, a “majoritarian
inferiority complex,” and when the Hindu population “dropped from 74.3 percent
in 1881 to 68.2 percent in 1931.”[105] Or due
to conversions in Punjab, where the Hindu population dropped from 43.8 percent
in 1891 to 36.3 percent in 1911.[106]
“As the progenitor and most
eloquent theoretician of political Hindutva, Savarkar formulated his entire
worldview in terms of well-entrenched, non-negotiable, binary oppositions. His
universe is strictly divided into ‘friends’ and ‘foes’, ‘us’ and ‘them’,
‘Hindus’ and ‘Muslims’, ‘Hindus’ and ‘non-Hindus’, ‘righteous’ and ‘wicked’.”[107]
“Savarkar politicized religion and introduced religious metaphors into
politics”[108] to
achieve his political goal. “For him (Savarkar), it was always
the Muslims who initiated a riot.”[109]
Savarkar believed in “might is right” and “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”.[110]
Hindus are god-fearing and docile. That is why
Savarkar said in a public speech in 1925 that “Indians [Hindus]
had to learn to eschew soft values such as “humility, self-surrender, and
forgiveness” and cultivate “sturdy habits of hatred, retaliation,
vindictiveness”.[111]
“Savarkar considered Hindu civilization as embodying and epitomizing an
Indian identity to which Muslims posed a threat….His target was not only the
Muslim or Christian Other but also the Gandhi-led Congress.”[112]
Savarkar wrote in
Hindu-Pad-Padshahi, “As an individual to an individual, the Hindu was as
valorous and devoted to his faith as a Moslem. But community to community,
people to people, the Muhammadans were fiercely united by a theocratic
patriotism that incited them to do or die under the banner of their God and
invested every effort to spread political rule over the unbelievers with the
sanctity of a holy war.”[113]
Savarkar coined the word “Hindutva” to counter Muslims to induce nationalism
among Hindus.
Hindu is the body,
and Hindutva is the aura of Hindus. To understand, व्यक्ति (Vayakti is a person) and वयक्तित्व (Vayktitva means personality,
attitude, custom, culture, nature, and quality of a person). Hindutva so
of Hindu is the aura, personality, fragrance, culture, quality and
philosophy of a group of people known as Hindus. Due to this conceptual
cognizance, some scholars write Hindutva is difficult to explain.
“Even Vinayak Damodar Savarkar struggled with defining Hindutva….To
further complicates matters, Savarkar posited that Hindutva was indefinable”.[114]
In other words, Hindutva encompasses variety of beliefs, practices, and social
mores. “Hindutva is not a word but history.”[115]
Hindutva combines the Dharma and culture of Hindus. “Hindutva represents an
essential social, political, cultural and historical consciousness of Hinduism
rooted in its Dharmic and spiritual core.”[116]
Hindutva is Hinduness.
Savarkar clarified that “Islam was founded on the strength of the sword
and ‘one who wields the sword has truth on his side’ was to be the guiding
principle of the new faith.”[117]
Savarkar made clear that “Hindutva was not the same as Hinduism
…Hindutva was a form of political Hinduism that sought to organize and
militarize the Hindus as a nationality. Without such nationality, the argument
went, there could be no basis for nationalism in a highly diverse society, and
without nationalism, there could be no nation-state.”[118] Though
Supreme Court of India (SCI) confirms that Hindutva is related more to the
people's way of life in the sub-continent. “It cannot be equated with narrow
fundamentalist Hindu religious bigotry…”.[119]
“This definition of Hindutva is compatible with any conceivable
expansion of our Hindu people.… The only geographical limits to Hindutva are
the limits of our earth!.”[120]
“Neither the Hindus nor the
Muslims, Savarkar felt, would be able to abandon their religious identities and
transform themselves into being patriots alone. Moreover, Muslims had little
faith in territorial nationalism. Their sole aim was to convert all Hindus to
Islam, bring about a pan-Islamic unity, and dominate the Hindus…. Muslims would
never be loyal to India”.[121] But
Muslims believe that “Hindutva is an extreme right-wing nationalistic ideology.
Islam is the only solution for peace in the world”.[122] It
is the cause of conflict in India and NZ.
Hindutva changes with time.
MK Gandhi accepted the ideology of
nonviolence. Hindutva cannot preach adharma (अधर्म, in other words, violent ideology[123]or
Hindu supremacism[124]).
Savarkar did not believe in nonviolence. Instead, Savarkar believed in the tit
for tat (realist) ideology. Nehru (Idealist) developed nonaligned policies and
articulated Panch Sheel policy for peace and prosperity. Indira Gandhi was a
realist to gain political power and adopted popular socialist policies of the
1960s-70s and created Bangla Desh. Rajive Gandhi, through P.V. Narsimha Rao,
accepted the liberalism of the 1990s but remained confused about realpolitik,
as Rajive was not an experienced grass root worker. Examples are the Shahbano
case to appease Muslims and Babur Masjid destruction to appease Hindus. Atal
Bihari Vajpayee adopted a realist ideology but remained idealist due to the poor
majority in parliament in national politics. An example is that he tested the
atomic bomb. Sonia Gandhi, through Manmohan Singh, followed appeasement
ideology to remain in power and took no action against corrupt politicians and
goons (Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mukhtiyar Ansari). “The Congress, run as a family
shop by Nehru’s dynasty, turned complacent and highly corrupt.”[125]
Modi’s ideology is realist. It means “Sabka Saath and Sabka Vikaas” and
no appeasement of any community[126]
and against corruption. “The DNA of Hindus and Muslims in India is same”, BJP
quotes.[127]
Modi follows Hindutva of Bhagwat – RSS Pramukh Sangh Pracharak. Academics call
it nationalist/populist nationalism/ fascist. Those who were corrupt and shared
power profits during the Congress regime are against Modi. These political
parties could not formulate an ideology to gain votes against Modi till 2022.
“The cultural identity of all Indians is Hindutva, and the present
inhabitants of the country are descendants of this great culture.”[128]
Bhagwat said.[129]
Taking a clue from Savarkar, Dutta wrote,
“Hindutva is a political ideology based on Hindu Culture (Sanskriti) and Hindu
race.” For example, Dutta writes Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), a branch of
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a terrorist organization. And Hindutva is
a Saffron terrorism/fascism (Kumbamu,
Bidwai, Banaji, Baber, and Iqbal[130]). These authors condemned legislation approved by the Indian parliament
on CAA, NRC, Abrogation of article 370, and three talaq practices of Muslims as
crimes. Jaffrelot terms it the “Indian version of competitive
authoritarianism.”[131]
Corrupt polarised India and Muslims raise the false flag of fear worldwide.
Secularism in Hindu Nationalism
Secularism means, as per
the Indian constitution, the state honours all faiths equally and gives them
equal opportunities. Modi explains the same by saying secularism is in the DNA
of India.[132]
Thus India fulfills the essential criteria of secularism that Charles Taylor
laid out: everyone is free to exercise their religion, all religions are equal,
and all spiritual families must be heard.[133]
Desh Rattan Nigam explains that Indian secularism is not against anyone and
respects all religion of India, but Evan Leidig disagrees.[134]
Faith is written in the preamble of the Indian constitution. Indira Gandhi later
added secularism in the body as faith can be interpreted anyway.[135]
Indian constitution and
state honor all faith which means Sarv Dharm Sam Bhav (Same approach to all
faiths). For example, the government supports Hindu Amarnath Yatra in Jammu and
Kashmir and Muslim Haj pilgrims to Mecca.[136]
Jaffrelot explains it as
“Teaching Gita [Quran/Bible] doesn’t go against Indian secularisation. Teaching
Gita [Quran/Bible] alone does.”[137]
It is not indifference to religion but looking at all religions equally. But in
India, it was not followed by some institutions. For example, in Uttar Pradesh,
it is reported that some Madrasas teach only Quran. “Teaching other religious
scriptures is against the tenets of Madrasas.”[138]
Madrasas are not teaching mathematics and English. It is also speculated that
Congress wanted Madarasa to impart
secular education but backtracked “under the pressure of some powerful
Madrasas”.[139]
In other words, BJP is doing what Congress wanted to implement, but Congress
did not have the majority or political courage to decide and enforce it.
Karnataka Education
Minister believes that “Quran is a religious book while Gita isn’t as it [Gita]
does not talk about worshipping God or any religious practices. It’s a moral
thing & inspires students. Even during the freedom movement, people got
inspiration from Gita to struggle for independence.”[140]
The government of India
wants to implement a uniform civil code, but some groups object. BJP respects
all religions. BJP official was suspended over comments about Islam.[141]
But as Bhargava writes, “A strict absolutist wall of separation was never a
feature of the Indian model secularism. On the contrary, the wall here was
always permeable.”[142]
Jaffrelot further
clarifies that Hindu nationalism, in addition to being primordial and
instrumental, is syncretic and strategic.[143]
Syncretic, Jaffrelot means amalgamation of religions and cultures. Hindu
nationalism is strategic as Hindu nationalism dominates and inhabits a
superiority complex. Mahatma Gandhi also promoted a syncretic and spiritual
brand of the Hindu religion.[144]
Jaffrelot calls it ethnic nationalism.[145]
Savarkar formulated the
ideology of Hindu nationalism, but the question remained on how to construct a
Hindu nation. In 1925 K.B. Hegdewar founded Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
to fulfill the dream of Savarkar and in response to a series of small and
large-scale riots between Hindus and Muslims across northern India.
What is the mission of Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh (RSS)?
RSS
aim is to “defend the Hindus and to ensure their domination over the Indian
nation”.[146]
“This organization functions through a dense network of about 50,000
local shakhas, or branches, where cadres provide physical and ideological
training to over 2.5 million activists…. The entire structure is called Sangh
Parivar”[147]
(Appendix 1 is enclosed).
“Shakhas in India decreased from 51000 in 2005-2006 to 39, 908 in 2011,
(Pathak 2011). RSS is now utilizing the web for e-shakhas, “where time zone
connections are set out for the convenience of those users who want to be in
touch at a common time where a shared location is not possible.”[148]
Estimates of the number of RSS shakhas (branches) run anywhere from
40,000 to 70,000, and the number of active members is probably somewhere
between 5 million to 10 million.[149]
Rashtriya Sevika Samiti ( Voluntary National Organization to serve) was
founded in Vijaya Dashmi Day of 1936. There are more than 3500 branches and
more than 300,000 women volunteers more than 3500 branches. Laxmi Bai Kelkar
was the first woman who was president of the RSS (Women).[150]
The primary global Sangh Parivar network is shown in Appendix 1
[modified]. “Cartography and network studies are more important than ever for
understanding diasporic and nationalist phenomena. Nationalism expresses itself
transnationally in innovative ways, particularly in its long-distance form.”[151]
“RSS has been characterized on the one hand as a reactionary group of Hindu
fanatics with Fascist tendencies; and on the other as a cultural organization
dedicated to restoring and revitalizing the moral and spiritual traditions of
India, which are being destroyed by contact with the alien west.”[152]
Savarkar’s Hindutva of the 1920s
is outdated as an ideology of communism. So RSS chief of today, Mohan Bhagwat,[153]
formulates a new political ideology of Hindu nationalism/Hindutva[154].
It is known as “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas and Sabka Vishwas”
(working together [with Muslims[155]
and Christians] for the prosperity of all by maintaining the trust of all).
BJP’s political party president Jagat Prakash Nadda (Nadda) (2020 onwards), and
the Prime minister of India, Narendra Modi (Modi) are following the same.[156]
“We do not want Sangh domination….Every citizen must work for the nation
selflessly because it is the duty of all of us to give back to the nation in
whatever way possible.”[157]
Mohan Bhagwat says all 1.4 billion
people of India are Hindus. Bhagwat clarifies further that who so ever
considers India as his/her motherland and loves and worships all creatures
living in India is Hindu.[158] But
Muslims do not trust BJP, and mistrust cause fear in India and NZ among Muslims.
But many Indian Muslims in India
and worldwide think they do not belong to India and are against Hindus. History
explains fear among Hindus and Muslims.
The birth of the Bhartiya Janta Party – BJP
(Indian Peoples Party)
The BJP was formed in 1980 to
mobilize Hindus. In 2014, the BJP was elected with the majority to govern India
under Modi.
Hindutva is confusing.
But Sharma[159]
identifies four attempts to engage this ambivalent Hindu historical/empirical
reality: “in terms of the categories of (1) region, (2) religion; (3) culture,
and (4) nation. The first attempt is represented by the word Hindustan, the
second by the word Hinduism, the third by the expression Hindu culture, and the
fourth by the term Hindutva. Because of the complex nature of the Indian
reality, each approach runs into its own limitations; each generates its own
dilemma…. At the heart of each dilemma lies the question central to all
identity issues: does the other belong to me, or do I belong to it?”[160]
Anderson and Longkumar also
confirm that neo-Hindutva is hard and soft, is ever-changing, develops in new
forms and spaces, and is political and a form of anti-politics (even at the
same time).[161]
Moreover, as “David Ludden (2005:xiv) points out, not only does ‘Hindutva
[have] many histories, and may be as many meanings as locations’ but, even in
the same region, it may assume different meanings according to the different
organizations which may be simultaneously active in a region.”[162]
Chapter three:
Hinduism in NZ / History of Settlement, numbers
“Historically, diasporic
Indians came to New Zealand in small numbers, first as sojourners, then as
settlers, and more recently as migrants in search of a higher quality of life
and a better economic future.”[163]
“The earliest Indian visitors to Aotearoa were Indian lascars (seamen) working
on European ships.”[164]
Edward Peters or Black Peter is known as the “Father of Gold-Mining in New
Zealand”.[165]
Black Edward Peter was born in Satara, Maharashtra, which is close to Goa, and
landed in 1853 in New Zealand.[166] Mohmad Kara was one of the founders of the
Christchurch Indian Association in 1937.[167]
Most Kiwi-Indians were
from Gujarat and Punjab till the1980s. Later, after 1987, Indians emigrated
possessing the required “skills, qualifications or capital to invest rather
than cultural background and nationality”.[168]
During the twenty-first century, many Indians migrated through education. “In
2015, 28,505 Indian citizens were full-fee-paying students within New Zealand
tertiary institutions.”[169]
Hindus are known as hardworking, honest, dedicated, loyalist, non-violent,
obedient, and contributed to the host’s economy, as is evident from the
behavior of the Indian diaspora in America.
Indians served New
Zealand in a senior public positions. Rajesh Prasad was the first Hindu member
of parliament in New Zealand. Mahesh Bindra, New Zealand’s first Hindu Member
of Parliament, and Sukhi Turner from Punjab were elected as Mayor of Dunedin
from 1995-2004.[170] Sir Anand Satyanand was governor–general from
2006 to 2011, Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi represented the National Party from 2008
to 2020, and Priyanka Radhakrishanan from Labour Party is serving her second
term in New Zealand Parliament.
Natchowitz and Leckie
confirm in their thesis and book that racism and discrimination exist within
New Zealand[171],
and the Indian ethnic minorities remain invisible.[172]
Some New Zealand Citizens do not like Indians. “I want someone to get rid of
the Indians and Chinese, those f******are stealing our country right out from
under us.”[173]
Indians or Hindoos (Hindus) were called “undesirables and Asiatic,” “paupers,”
“Criminals,” and “Contagious.”[174]
The White New Zealand League propagated that Hindoos pose moral, sexual, and
health threats.[175]
In addition, Hindoos will create serious problems for the authorities.[176]
Racism has existed in New Zealand since the British and Māori agreement of
Waitangi and during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when white
Christians practiced slavery. “After all, New Zealand is founded upon colonialism,
predicated by white racial domination.”[177]
With the change of time,
“most liberal Kiwis condemn racism towards Asians.”[178]
However, after the terrorist attack of March 15, 2019, the Prime Minister of
New Zealand came forward and tried her best to unite the Kiwis, saying no to
racism and “we are one”. “They are us,” she said. “The person who has
perpetuated this violence against us is not.”[179]
Demographic context
“In the 1921 Census over
99% of NZers at least nominally belonged to a Christian church, mostly
Protestant, and close to 30% usually attended weekly services. “At the time of
the 2006 census, 71 percent of people of Indian ethnicity in New Zealand were
residing in Auckland, a total of 74,442 people.”[180]
New Zealand is a predominantly Christian state in which Christians are 38%,
Muslims 1.31%, Hindus are 2.63%, Buddhists 1.12%, and Sikhs 0.5%.[181]
As per the survey of 2018, the total number of Indians in New Zealand (NZ) is
239,193 (240,000[182]))
and 111,348 were born in India. (Appendix 9).
There are 123,384 Hindus (Appendix 8). Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists are
not included in this number. Indian Muslims are only 20, 913 out of the total
60,261 Muslims (Appendix 9), Bangla Deshi is 1,857, Fiji Muslims are 3,660, and
Pakistani Muslims are 5,406 (Appendix 10). Total Brown Muslims from India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Fiji are 31,836.
Indian Brown Christians are 36,195. In addition, Hindi, Gujarati,
Punjabi, and Fiji Hindi-speaking persons are 69,471, 22,200, 34,227, and
26,807, respectively. This information is approximate as it was based on the
census question reports, and individuals may have answered in more than one
language.[183]
As of 20 June 2021 total population of New Zealand is 5,122,600.
The report does not
conclude that Brown Muslims are afraid of Hindus or that only
Kiwi-Indian-Muslims are scared of Kiwi-Indian-Hindus. Are Kiwi-Indian-Muslims
(20,913) afraid of Kiwi-Indian-Hindus (111,504) or vice versa? Do Kiwi Indian
Muslims not trust New Zealand government’s governance? Unfortunately, due to
time limitations, the survey and interview could not be executed.
Indians are mainly in
Auckland (65%) but everywhere, well educated (8%), no qualification (35%)
secondary school, vocational (12%), undergraduate (27%), post-graduate (18%),
Indians are more likely to be in paid work 70% and more, lower-income but
rising entrepreneurship.
NZ Indians contributed $ 10 billion of GDP in
2019, and visiting Indians another $0.8Billions.. 68000 visitors from India
contributed $180 million. Foreign Students numbering15,300 contributed a
645million.[184]
9% of Indians are in Wellington, and 7% in Waikato. The average earning of
Indians is $50,000 pa compared to a national average of $55,400 pa. This is due
to the low bargaining power faced by new migrants.[185]
“Hinduism is now the second-largest religion
after Christianity. Mostly, Hindus are in managerial, professional and
technical employment in New Zealand” (based on EOI of 2009 from South Asia).[186]
Immigration is mostly
merit-based and not race- or cultured-based.[187]
The present Muslim population is highly complex and from 35-40 countries.[188]
Migrants are educated based on the need for agriculture, infrastructure, and
odd jobs. Selection is from different countries having different cultures and
knowledge of foreign languages.
On May 7, 2019 Deputy
Prime Minister of New Zealand Winston Peters lauded Hindu Dharma and applauded
200 delegates representing 40 Hindu organizations, temples and associations
from Auckland, Hamilton, Rotorua, Wellington and Dunedin. It is acknowledged
that Hindus are almost twice educated compared to the other groups of the New
Zealand population in terms of percentage. [189]
Hindu organizations in NZ
In 1926 national Indian
organization was set up in New Zealand. It is known as “New Zealand Indian
Central Association Inc” (NZICA). The association's main aim is to guide
Indians about community safety and justice. [190]
There are ten associations and eleven committees attached to this association.
Auckland Indian Association, Wellington Indian Association, Pukekohe Indian
Association, Waikato Indian Association, Indian Association Manukau NZ,
Christchurch Indian Association, Central Districts Indian Association, Country
Section NZ Indian Association, Bay of Plenty Indian Association, NZ Punjabi
Cultural Association.
According to the report
prepared by the High Commission of India in NZ, there are 174 groups of Indians
in NZ. These are 59 Indian Associations and socio-cultural organizations in New
Zealand. Indian dance and music schools in New Zealand are 22. Schools to teach
Indian languages are 24. Places of worship and spiritual organizations are 50.
Indian ethnic media operating in New Zealand are 19.[191]
“Five percent of New
Zealand population identify themselves with Indian roots and contribute over
eight percent of New Zealand’s GDP. That’s why we need to ensure that we keep
attracting skilled migrants from across the world to make New Zealand a
competitive and flourishing country in the OECD.”[192]
Hindu Council of New Zealand
The first Hindu
organization of New Zealand was formed in 1996. It is known as the Hindu
Council of New Zealand (HCNZ). Hindu Heritage Centre, Hindu Social Service
Foundation, Hindu Elders Foundation, Hindu Youth New Zealand, Hindu
Organizations, Temples and Associations (HOTA), a representative body for New
Zealand Hindu groups, constitute HCNZ. Dr. Guna Magesan said that there are
“185 Sanskrit and other Indian language words similar to the Maori language.”[193]
Communities from
different parts of India have their temples and traditions, like Ganesha Temple
in Papakura, Auckland, Sai Ganesh Temple in Onehunga, Auckland. Hare Rama Hare
Krishna Temple, Ramakrishna Mission, Satya Sai Organization, Art of Living
Foundation, Hindu Swayemsevak Sangh, Sewa International, and Ekal Vidyalaya
Foundation cater to Indians (Source religious diversity in New Zealand).[194]
Guru Culture in New Zealand
“All religious schools
are agreed that the one who has the authority to initiate others is the
qualified guru.”[195]
Guru is fully human, wise, and possesses a broad range of knowledge, experience
and understanding. Guru’s wisdom is born of meditativeness. “Guru speaks
little. When he does speak, however, it is with personal equanimity.”[196]
Guru is “described as desireless, free from both temptations of acquisition and
renunciation…. Guru is a giver; he gives compassion, and most importantly, he
facilitates serenity and peace of mind.”[197]
Berti also confirms that Hindutva
gains favor by garlanding charming and spiritual Gurus who have mass popularity.
“The existence of a Guru or a charismatic figure endowed with federal qualities
(who may sometimes have a Hindutva link) and who may end up sharing some
personal sympathies with the Hindutva program. It is not so much a structured
bureaucratic and administrative organization that renders this federative
figure effective but rather a network of people in charge of particular
activities (social services, yoga therapy, religious proselytism) who recognize
themselves as bound to the figure of this guru.”[198]
Hindu Yoga Culture does not incubate happiness not hatred
Yogic exercises increase
oxygen content in the blood. The joints of the body remain active. Yoga improves depression, body flexibility,
blood flow, and hemoglobin levels. Yoga thins the blood.[199]
Yog is a Sanskrit word.
It means the addition of two things.. It helps to maintain the balance between
nature and the deep ecology. “A description of the physical yoga postures was
found in the Yoga Sutras, which was apparently written in 3000 BC by Patajali,
who was a Sanskrit scholar and an Indian physician”. Yoga enhances “vagal
activity” and “reduces cortisol”.”[200]
Parker best explains Yoga
in New Zealand in his thesis by stating, "Modern yoga is an activity
intertwined with notions of transformation, personal growth and the enhancement
of the mind, body, and spirit…. Yoga is a mechanism for New Zealand men to care
for themselves, to care for others, and to care for the earth.”[201]
“Yoga practice is more than just a set of physical exercises; it is a way of
life, a way of being in the world.”[202]
“Yoga can foster positive emotion, positive well-being.”[203] As
stated by Parker, Maori culture is closely linked with Indian yoga practices.
As per the information,
Hindu Council of New Zealand organised a second national Hindu conference with
the theme “Yoga, Ayurveda, and Meditation.” The Maori king inaugurated it. HCNZ
also launched the annual “Health for Humanity Yogathon”.
I became a member of a
Yoga group of Indian Association Manukau and attended yogic exercises with the
group on Sundays morning 8 AM to 9 AM. The group never discussed the issues
raised by Dutta in his white paper. Parker mentions positive vibrations in the
yoga practices and no connection is found between Hindutva, Yoga, and hatred.
Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva
According to Billig (1995) “informal national feelings are constantly
reproduced in daily life through routine symbols and speech habits (Billig
1995).”[204]
Berti studied “How Hindutva is affecting a wide range of social, cultural and
religious milieus in contemporary India by starting with the notion of
entrenchment. Though close to Billig’s concept of banalisation or
normalization, the notion of entrenchment is used here to address a
multiplicity of processes, mechanisms, and even paradoxical dynamics of
assimilation by way of which Hindutva penetrates different regional contexts,
both in the urban and rural levels, thanks to the mediation of different social
actors.”[205]
The work done by Berti explains three dynamics of Hindutva cultural
entrenchment.[206]
One is RSS-affiliated organizations. The second is the dynamic of convergence.
It implies Gurus and Sects. They are not directly related to RSS and VHP but
may believe in Hinduism.
The third is resistance from those who oppose Hindutva ideology.
Hindutva ideology uses emotional messages against Muslims. RSS or mediators use
Hindutva iconography, maps, ritual processions, propaganda videos, rewriting of
history in school textbooks to influence young children, and local promotion of
festivals to disseminate Hindutva ideology and Hindu nationalism among people.
Icons of Rama, Krishna, and Ganpati in Maharashtra are used to win over demons.
Rewriting
History
But
I agree that Hindus are rewriting and representing the history of India based
on facts. As in India, “Hindu nationalists in the US try to introduce their
ideas in the classroom regarding Aryan invasions and the atrocities committed
by Muslims in India.”[207]
According
to Friesen, Indians in New Zealand are heterogeneous. Culture, food habits,
region, language, and religion divide Indians, but they are Indians as far as
New Zealanders are concerned. Some believe their Indianness is within them and
may belong to any religion or state. Other Indians believe that ‘the conflation
of fundamental Hinduism and Indian nationality conflicts with their values.[208]
Radio
Tarana, Bollywood songs, Indian news.co.nz and Indianweekender.co.nz are two leading
newspapers and websites for Indians. Friesen confirms in his research that much
of the discussion within the Indian diaspora revolves around movies, web
series, music, food, butter chicken, and fish and chips. Political discussions
are less important.[209]
But the fact is reported
by Spinoff “as a rising Hindu nationalism exerts itself in India, online Indian
communities in New Zealand are also seeing a growth in Islamophobic sentiment.”[210]
Spinoff further claims that social media like Facebook and Twitter spread
phobias of all types of hatred and these Islamophobes live in New Zealand. In
my opinion, non – Muslims feel Islamophobia, but some Indians suffer from Modi
phobia.
Assessment of Hindutva
Chapter four:
Review of NZ media on Hindutva and assessing claims.
A survey of Newspapers
and literature confirms that Muslims’ fear increased after the BJP won political
power in India after 2014 and the Christchurch attack of 2019. BJP changed old
legislation with the new one, which according to Shahid[211],
and Dutta[212]
cause hatred in New Zealand. Aliya Danzeisen (Aliya), Anjum Rahman (Rahman),
and Dr. Maysoon Salama talked about the danger of white supremacy and the
threat of extreme right-wing, as reported by Bingham.[213] No
report, best to my knowledge, specifies that Hindu culture causes violence in
New Zealand.
Rahman confirms that
hatred exists between Hindus and Muslims in NZ. But the root of this conflict
is the history of the partition of India and the historical memory of violence,
which Rahman overlooked.[214]
Kashmiri Pundits’ migration from Kashmir, bomb blasts in India after the
demolition of Babri Masjid by Hindu Kar Sevaks, Hindu-Muslim riots, Gujarat
riots, and proselytization of Hindus exacerbated the hatred between Hindus and
Muslims in India, which Dutta and others quoted. Kiwi-Muslims and Hindus
imported this hatred from India. But this hatred is not visible. To prove my
thesis, I studied the following news articles.
The following media
analysis explains Islamophobia (fear and hatred against Muslims without reason
or evidence) and the religious hatred in New Zealand. But does Hindu culture cause Islamophobia?
Unfortunately, Dutta and others failed to provide physical and digital proof of
hatred or violence.
“An Ugly Islamophobia has surfaced in New Zealand, Spinoff reports.” [215]
On February 23, 2020,
Shahid reported that Mohammad, a survivor of the Gujarat riots of 2002,
suffered a further mental shock when he lost his cousin on March 15, 2019, in
New Zealand, during the Christchurch massacre. Shahid, confirming Subramanian’s
report,[216] explained that politics has changed in India
since BJP came to power. Shahid reports that the Hindutva politics of India is
influencing the Hindus of New Zealand against Muslims.
Muslims protested against
this change of law in India and New Zealand. This protest in NZ does not
confirm hatred between Hindus and Muslims in NZ. The demonstration confirms
that Indians express their opinion against the Indian government’s decision on
CAA. The CAA does not grant citizenship to illegal Muslims but grants
citizenship to persecuted minorities from neighboring Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
and Pakistan, even if their documents have expired or they have incomplete or
no records.[217]
Due to this political
change in India, Shahid said, Kiwi-Indian-Hindu immigrants post hateful
material on Facebook and Twitter against Muslim migrants. These posts mimic
women with hijabs, mention that Islam is cancer, Kiwi-Indian-Muslims should
return to their Muslim countries, and Hindus support Hannah Tamaki's call to
ban mosques. However, this is an assumption, and it could not be proved.
Radhika Reddy fears that
Indian anti-Islam groups may do ‘palpable’ damage to the local
Kiwi-Indian-Muslim communities. Islamophobia among Indian Hindus in NZ is due
to the propaganda of the BJP government against Muslims in India.[218]
This hatred is working by digital attacks on critiques of Hindutva in New
Zealand.[219]
In the same news article,
Radhika Reddy says that as of today, hatred and harassment are online, but soon
it may take over as offline. It is known as fear of the unknown.
Dr. Sapna Samant believes
that the Indian government supports it, and it is challenging to act against
the government of India's interests. She also argues that political change in
India infuses Islamophobia in New Zealand, for Kiwi Hindu immigrants follow
Hindutva.[220]
This report confirms fear
among Muslims. However, the information does not prove that Hindu organizations
are active in NZ against Muslims.
Bhartiya Mandir organized a function on August 5, 2020.
On the other occasion,
Hemant Prashar, President of the Bhartiya Mandir, organized a function in the
Kiwi Hindu temple in NZ to celebrate Bhumi Pujan at Ayodhya for Ram Lalla on
August 5, 2020, inviting all Indians as per RNZ.[221]
Dutta criticized the
temple event in Bhartiya Mandir as a “celebration of Islamophobia”[222]
because Narender Modi – Prime Minister of India, is also conducting Bhumi Pujan
to construct the temple in Ayodhya.[223]
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) confirmed that Majid was built after
‘demolishing the Hindu Ram Lalla temple[224],
which ensures the opinion of the District Judge of Faizabad[225]
said in 1886.[226]
As per the Hindu faith, the celebration was that Ayodhya is Rama’s place of
birth, and the Supreme Court of India (SCI) gave a verdict to build a temple in
Ayodhya. [227]
Regarding temple celebrations,
Dutta assumes without evidence that cultural Hindutva invokes Islamophobia in
New Zealand. Therefore, Dutta colored this event with hatred by saying it is
"effectively a celebration of Islamophobia.” "You cannot speak about
addressing Islamophobia in New Zealand and attend events like this," Dutta
called Ramlalla’s birthplace as fiction and multiple historical and cultural
claims constructions to mythmaking.[228]
Hindus believe that
Ayodhya is the birthplace of Rama, as mentioned in Ramayana. However, it is a
question of faith, as some believe that Allah and Christ were not born in
India.
Parashar said invitations
for the occasion were extended to all Kiwi-Indians. "Whatever faith you
follow, you are most welcome as long as they follow the protocols,"
Parashar said.
It raises a vital
question: do cultural events of one religion in one place invoke hatred with
other faiths around the world? Second, can cultural events of one religion in
one place be an eyesore for other religions worldwide? In other words, it
implies that no one should celebrate their faith functions, which is highly
objectionable in a secular liberal world. Dutta’s assumption does not confirm
that temple celebrations (Hindu culture) cause hatred in NZ.
“Cultural Hindutva and Islamophobia”
Summarizing all the above
events of Hindus in New Zealand, Dutta published his white paper, which
triggered dislike against Dutta, not against Muslims or Massey University, or
other academics[229] , as Dutta assumes.
Instead, Dutta held the culture of Hindutva responsible for hatred
(Islamophobia),[230]
and Hindutva means Hindu nationalism that disenfranchises and erases Muslim others.[231]
Dutta claims that Hindu
nationalism and extremism are present in New Zealand and “views [of Hindus
diaspora] on Muslims could rival those of the Christchurch terrorist.”[232]
He stressed that Hindu culture (Hinduism) is responsible for this hatred and
quoted Berti[233]
and Pandya[234].
Dutta assumes that Chinmaya Mission disseminates Hindutva through pedagogy,
storytelling of Hindu culture, and teaching supremacy in Hindus by preaching
Vedic studies like Yoga, Ayurveda, and Astrology along with epics of Ramayana
and Mahabharat. He believes Cultural Hindutva whitewashes the violence of
Hindutva. According to Dutta, pride and supremacy cause hatred, and he compared
them with white supremacy.
Through narratives, Hindu
images, and deploying tropes that Hindus are in danger, Hindutva is recruiting
more followers against Muslims, Dutta claims in his white paper of May 2021.[235]
However, many Hindus objected to Dutta’s assumption that cultural Hindutva
causes hatred against Islam; Hindutva is Fascist.[236]
The researcher's
communication depends on his culture, reflexivity, understanding capacity, the practical
and theoretical experience of the researcher in a social science field, and
commitment to the research subject. That is why it is said that the truth is
one, but academics (pundits/sages) express the same differently. Dutta thinks
differently.
"Stop Hindu Hate Advocacy Network" (SHHAN)
"Stop Hindu Hate
Advocacy Network" (SHHAN) informs on August 8, 2021, that Dutta has
equated Hindutva with white supremacy "along with accusing Hindus of being
Islamophobic,"[237]
Dutta claims that VHP, RSS, and Bajrang Dal are terror groups. However, a quick
look at the CIA database does not confirm it.[238]
After reading Dutta’s
white paper, X criticized Dutta. Dutta wrote back that X, a white woman
claiming to be Yogini, responded against Hindutva and Hindu phobia published on
Twitter. Yogini asked for evidence that the Chinmaya mission is the hub
of Hindutva and was accused of hate crimes against Muslims.[239]
Here Dutta demeans the X by saying that she did not have the skill set to read
the arguments of his published paper".
Dutta argues the act of
equating Savarkar's Hindutva ideology of hate with the first nations people and
white supremacy, as X was white and belonged to Australia. Instead of providing
proof of hatred in NZ, Dutta said that Twitter accounts label me Maoist,
communist, and Bengali. Others spread hatred against the university and me.
Then he writes that any "Critique of Hindutva and its pernicious effects
on the 'margins of the margins' is constructed as unsafe, labeled as bullying,
and targeted as Hindu phobia."[240]
Dutta further wrote that
the safety of Indian students is threatened. Dutta feels harassed and
thinks that his academic freedom is threatened. "I am produced in this
discourse as the bad Hindu, the brown sepoy, that is the threat to
Hinduism," “threats came in various forms including physical, violence,
rape [of Dutta], etc. Then, I started receiving emails,” Dutta said in his
Radio interview.[241]
Then he compares hatred
to him as a colonizing force of Hindutva that threatens Hinduism's plural and
polymorphic imaginaries. Finally, he combined it with whiteness to propagate
the politics of hate. Dutta expresses fear and hatred but does not substantiate
them with facts. Police reports published in the print media did not confirm
the same.
“Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference cosponsored by Massey University.”
"Dismantling Global
Hindutva" was organized from September 10 to 12, 2021. 50+ universities
sponsored this conference[242],
which spoke about Hindutva and Hinduism. Many scholars and activists took part
in this meeting. Massey University cosponsored this event. Contents were never
based on one political line, academics reported.[243]
But the organizers of
this conference received threats. Topics on castes and Hindutva were discussed
as per the video report.[244]
Dutta believes that dismantling Hindutva is necessary so that plural Hinduisms
can flourish, transform, and progress. It is through dismantling Hindutva that
secularism and syncretism can be achieved. "Decolonization of Hindutva is
the dismantling of Hindutva".[245]
Operajita, in the Daily
guardian, informs that "Stoking an effervescent hate for India, this Hindu
phobic conference maliciously and wilfully endangers the lives of millions of
Hindus."[246]
SHHAN feels dismantling Hindutva is equal to "Dismantling India."
The only thing that keeps India united is Hindu Dharma. SHHAN publishes a paper
showing an "inverted communist hammer whose deathly jaws are crushing a
Swayamsevak of the RSS in the conference logo." SHHAN called it a hatred
symbol.
Dutta likens (not based on facts) the
"online communication of the Hindutva machine to that of QAnon followers
and other far-right groups like the Proud boys."[247]
New Lynn terror attack
After the New Lynn terror attack on September 3, 2021[248],
in New Zealand, "there was a swathe of anti-Islam comments, who criticized
the Prime Minister (Jacinda Ardern) for saying the man was responsible for the
attack, not faith."[249]
Dutta criticized that the Hindu Facebook page provides a home for this
rhetoric, which could not be proved.
Deep Divisions are brewing in NZ / Leader of the Indian community is threatening
Auckland protesters.[250]
On 3 October 2021 New
Zealand Herald (NZH) published a report by Laura Walters that “deep divisions
are brewing within Aotearoa’s Indian diaspora. [251]
Dr. Sapna Samant organized a protest to oppose the CAA. Veer Khar, the head of
the Manukau Indian Association, warned Sapna not to criticize the Indian
government, threatening her that "we are watching you."[252]
On February 9, 2022, Tan
informed that Massey’s research paper on Hindutva led to trolling, persecution,
and threats to Dutta. AAPI and the Indian Association of Minorities have
"condemned the flood of hate, discrimination and hooting against
Dutta." Police confirmed that they are aware of this hate.[253]
Police did not guarantee that this hatred originated from NZ.
Kashmir Files”
AAPI raised concerns
about the release of Kashmir Files on March 20, 2022. AAPI quotes Stanton and
informs politics in India, due to Hindutva, about the release of "The
Kashmir Files." Kashmir Files filmed the rape and murder of Hindus by
Muslim terrorists in Kashmir, while the Muslim majority was silent. But AAPI
and Muslim communities have voiced their concerns about security with the movie
screening in New Zealand. These concerns should be read in the context of the
trauma experienced by Muslims in Aotearoa on March 15, 2019. Hindutva is
targeting Muslims in New Zealand.[254] In
her interview with Dutta, Rahman criticized the Indian government’s action in
Kashmir, violating free speech and human rights.[255]
But Rahman did not mention fear in Hindus of terrorism by Muslims and rhetoric
of rape from Mosques in Kashmir. 64,827 Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus) migrated in
the early 1990s from Kashmir.[256]
The Home Minister of India informed parliament that abrogation of the article
solved the Kashmir problem in which 48400 people died due to protection given
to Muslims by three Muslim political families, which ruled Kashmir. Corruption did not allow the development of
Kashmir, known as the world's heaven.[257]
According to Rahman and
Samant, the Winston Peters of New Zealand First and David Seymour of ACT did
not acknowledge the anxiety of Muslims in New Zealand. [258]
Mukesh Pardeshi, the Indian High Commissioner, remarked, “If it is not creating
disharmony in India, why should it create disharmony in New Zealand?”[259]
Hindu nationalism in
India is causing growth in Islamophobic sentiments, as Spinoff reported. Sapna
Samant wrote that Hindu nationalism is not visible in New Zealand. Samant says,
“it’s hidden under a “cultural garb.” But it's hard to miss once you know it’s
there.”[260]
“Muslims in NZ feel threatened by the policies of the Indian government.”
Quoting Rehman and
Danzeisen, Bingham reported that in addition to white supremacists and the
extreme right, “there are new threats. There’s “inciteful, inflammatory and
hateful material” coming from the far-right Hindutva nationalist movement.”
“It’s extreme hate”, “It’s dehumanizing material, trying to dehumanize our
[Muslim] community” and “it needs to be taken seriously”.[261]
Kiwi-Muslims feel
threatened by the policies of the Indian government regarding the CAA and the
NRC. Why should New Zealand Muslims fear if India or United States change their
national policies of CAA or NRC? Do Muslims of NZ not trust the NZ government
and its administration? It needs further studies.
Does cultural Hinduism
invoke phobia? Or is it due to scholars' political conceptualization of society
on how society should be governed? In other words, criticism of one ism by
another ism is usually a power politics practice between left and right
ideologies.[262]
Hindu Youth NZ president
Murali Krishna Magesan said, “Dutta is attacking an entire community in the
name of calling out a political ideology. Call political and extremist
ideologies what they are but leave Hindus out of it”. Magesan added that
“anyone who knows Hindus or knows Hinduism will tell you that it is a timeless
tradition rooted in oneness of existence, selfless service (Sewa), non-violence
(ahimsa), pluralism, and Dharma.”[263]
Hindu Youth New Zealand condemns Hindu phobic Dutta’s Whitepaper.[264]
Additional Islamophobia reported in New Zealand
Recently as per
literature published there is islamophobia in the ELT classroom in New Zealand.[265] Yaghi and Ryan state no evidence that this
hatred is due to Hindu culture.
Chapter Five:
Does cultural Hindutva
cause Islamophobia in NZ?
I visited Ganesh Temple
in Papakura on 14 April 2022, Tamil New Year, the Chinmaya Mission, the Swaminarayan
Temple, the Raksha Bandhan Festival organized by the Hindu Council of New
Zealand, the Hindu function on Rama Krishna Temple. The atmosphere was calm, quiet,
and friendly. No one asked about my name, caste, or religion. On 25 September,
I visited HOTA forum. The main purpose of HOTA is for youth leadership and
women empowerment in Hindu Organisations.
Indian society is “an immensely diverse society with many distinct
pursuits, vastly disparate convictions, widely divergent customs, and a
veritable feast of viewpoints.”[266]
After studying Hindu culture in different sects and parts of India,
Berti writes, it is “the ambiguous interplay between Hindutva and a ‘national’,
‘Vedic’, ‘Hindu’ or ‘pan-Indian’ aspiration, or merely local people’s emotional
attachment to their community, their language, and their locality.”[267]
Berti is unable to specify that cultural Hindutva causes Islamophobia or hatred
against any other community.
Economics of Temples
Hindu Temples are places of worship of Isht Devta and for social
functions. In the long run, it is a profitable unit for the builders. Temples
are financed by organizations in India, Europe, and the United States of
America (U.S.). Registered trusts operate these temples. The profitability of
the temple depends on the number and average income of the Hindu residents of
that area. Many temples rent its room or building for personal family
celebrations like marriage. The main earning of the temples is during Hindu rituals
and festivals, which are around 20 in a year (Appendix 4). Temples function as a
business proposition and serve the emotions of Indians in India and NZ.
Break-even of these temples varies from five to fifteen years depending
on the number of persons visiting the temple and the management of the temple,
although the main aim informed by temple authorities is service to humanity.
Hindu Culture preaches selfless social service / Chinmaya Mission in New
Zealand
Its main aim is to make
people happy. “To give maximum happiness to the maximum number for the maximum
time is our religion.” Seva projects are tree planting, blood donation, helping
elders, and educating children and young people. The mission statement is apparent
in serving humanity. Nowhere in the aim of the Chinmaya Mission is it stated
that it is for Hindutva. The mission provides individuals from any background with the
wisdom of Vedanta and the practical means for spiritual growth and happiness,
enabling them to become positive contributors to society.[268]
Chinmaya mission of New Zealand practices “service-oriented activities for all
ages”.[269]
Hindu nationalism has much less influence in the diaspora.[270]
Toffin explains
Islamophobia among Hindus of India in Nepal. Theory confirms that nationalism
percolates to diaspora wherever they migrate. Toffin writes that “Hindu
nationalism has much less influence in Nepal. Yet, anti-Muslim stances are a
widespread attitude in all districts and states [of Nepal].”[271]
Visit to Dharma Fest on August 7, 2022.
On August 7, 2022, I visited
the Mahatma Gandhi centre, Auckland of Auckland Indian Association Inc., which Hon
officially opened by James Bolger, Prime Minister New Zealand, on 30th
April 1994. The Gandhi Hall was opened by the Mayor of Auckland, J.H. Luxford
CGM, on 2nd October 1955. Pranab Mukherjee, Indian Minister of
Foreign Affairs, unveiled on 12th November 1995 (CHOGM). I garlanded
the Mahatma Gandhi statue just near the entrance gate. Then there is an
entrance to the enormous hall with a stage. On the stage, there was a board
with the name printed “Dharmafest (Religious Festival)” and “Raksha Bandhan
Festival”. Hare Rama Krishna people played a song of “Hare Rama Hare Rama” on
the stage with violin and musical instruments. Many families were there. Some
were dancing near the location to the music of Hare Rama. Even children were
also dancing with the others.
I discussed with Hare
Rama people Gita and purchased book. He told me that the teachings of the Gita
imbibe in Hindus the impulse to do social service wherever they are. The
teachings of Gita discuss that service done to others returns either in this
life or in the next life. The website of “Hindu Foundation New Zealand” depicts
a photo of the Gita, which teaches a habit of social service.[272]
Social service, without personal self-interest, can be found in all Hindu
movements in India and abroad.
In addition, a representative of the Hare Rama foundation
said that Gita teaches the Karma theory. That is, “karma (action by Hindus) is
in our hands. The reward is in the hands of God.” The reward of action may come
in this birth or the next birth. This Karma theory makes Hindu pious. In
addition, literature also substantiates that Hindutva leaders take the benefits
of seva done by Hindu organizations.[273]
On the left side, there
was Karmic Kitchen from Rama Krishna Mission. Another stall belonged to Brahma
Kumaris, who was talking to someone and explaining, “Who am I?” A board stated
that my body is of clay, temporary and perishable. Another placard states,
“learn the greatest art of life for a happy living. It’s easy”. The free meditation center is available only
in person. Three women in pure white
dresses of Salwar and Kurta with white Chunni or Dupatta (white cloth as a shawl)
were sitting on chairs. They were selling some food items, including herbal
tea.
There was another stall
with Thiru Subramaniyar Aalayam. Some words were written in Tamil language.
Gods and Goddesses were painted on the top of the board with beautiful colors.
Muneeswaran Madurai Veeran Navagraha is written in English language. Names of
executive committee members of temple were written. South Indian food items
were available for eating with south Indian coffee in south Indian stainless
steel utensils. Last, there was a stall of the Hindu Council of New Zealand
(HCNZ). Murali Magesan, President of the Youth Wing of HCNZ, was in a saffron
Kurta and white Pyjama with a tilak on his forehead. His father, Guna Magesan, founded
this organization in NZ in 1996.
I noticed that an older
person was guided to the stage with love and affection by Murali Magesan.
Respecting Guru and elders is part of Hindu culture.[274] Social leaders of the
Hindu society, NZ Police, and Maori leader were invited onto the stage and
given respect. Five Diya (Indian candles with oil) were lightened and prayed “tamso
ma jyotir Gamaye” (Oh God guide us from the darkness to the light of divinity).
Tamaki Makaurau Ethnic
Responsiveness Manager for New Zealand Police, Jessica Phuang, was the guest of
honor. She appreciated the initiatives taken by HCNZ to assimilate with NZ
culture. She enjoyed the unity in diversity of Hindus and Indian culture. Police
Superintendent spoke and appreciated the work done by Hindus. She cited an
example of Singapore. In between, slogans of “long live India and NZ” were
raised. Leaders appreciated Māori culture. The Maori leader spoke in the Maori
language, which I could not understand. But someone said that he enjoyed Hindu
culture. Songs were sung, and the children played dances. Hindu organizations
like Brahm Kumari, Hare Rama Mission, Hindu Council of New Zealand, and from
Hamilton, Rotorua, and Dunedin took part in cultural activities. A youth group supervised
this festival function.
These organizations serve
to maintain religious, cultural, and other local and international social
issues to cultivate love and affection in society. They adopt dialogue methods,
cooperative actions, respect for others, and diversity of views. Social
communication was done by participatory methods like speeches, visual arts,
songs, cultural dances, theatre, music, music lyrics, and stage presentations
and dialogues. Micro. Meso and Macro media instruments are used for communication.
Emphasis was on selfless service to humanity. Young and old took part in tree
plantation, blood donation, teaching good practices to children, imparting good
culture in schools and institutions, and serving elders. Hindu examples were
informed how Hindus treat Ganga river as mother, worshiping water, fire, air,
universe, and earth.
HOTA Meeting on September 25, 2022
I attended a second
meeting on 25 September 2022 at Shree Swami Narayan Temple, went worth Avenue,
Papatoetoe, Auckland. Hindu Organizations, Temples Association (HOTA) holds on
to Ekta Shankh (a symbol of unity). The logo expresses the culture of HCNZ.
Many hands of different colors hold the Shankh confirming the Hindu ideology of
unity in diversity. At a high level, social cohesion, inclusion, Hindu phobia,
and misinformation were key themes. The Chairperson of the Religious Diversity
Centre, Jocelyn Armstrong attended the opening session. I found that Indian
parents were worried that Hindu children were not learning the Indian language
and Hindu culture. These elders wanted Hindu children to learn the Indian
language and Hindu culture.
Nexus of politics, profit, and media incubated Islamophobia in NZ
Political decisions taken
by Modi inculcated hate among Muslims in India. The five-member committee
confirmed that media, NGOs, and political activists shaped a toxic
“Hindu-Muslim binary.” [275]
CAA protests and road blockades in Shaheen Bagh for more than three months
added fuel to the emotional fire and led to Hindu-Muslim riots in Delhi. These
riots influence Hindus and Muslims in NZ.
Armoudian confirms the
hypothesis that “media are inextricably intertwined with events, political
leaders, and societies, which collectively construct outcomes”.[276]
Internet, social networking, WhatsApp, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter construct
frames of hatred by known (visible) and unknown (invisible) organizations and
individuals.
Hatred percolated from
India to NZ through Kiwi-Hindus and Kiwi-Muslims. Dutta certified himself when
he agreed that “it is not clear who is behind the trolling, how many there are,
and where they are located. It’s this world of digital hate you can’t really
track.”[277]
It confirms that cultural Hindutva is not the cause of this hatred and riot.
Motive: Profit from fake hate news
Dutta agrees that he
criticized Hindutva and “Hindutva hate is a thriving market that promises
virality and status to the white Yogis and Yoginis adorned with their saffron
shawls and tilaks and Bindies”. “The logic of Hindutva hate brings together an
exponentially growing audience, opportunities for talks, book deals, and
ever-new market opportunities for peddling hate”[278] If
White (X to whom Dutta refers) can utilize this opportunity, then why not
browns (Dutta, Rahman, and Samant) of Indian origin, New Zealand Herald, and
Stuff. It is not cultural Hindutva but money is the cause of hatred.
Muslim representative Aliya did not confirm that “Cultural Hindutva cause
Islamophobia.”
Being a liberal Hindu
myself, who worked in India in different Indian states and with diverse
communities of faith and lived in New Zealand for six years in new culture and
environment, many Indians and Hindus whom I know did not confirm Dutta’s theory.
It is also essential to
know that till now, there is no clarity about the definition of hate news, and
it is challenging to find out the truth from fake news and fake handles
operating from outside New Zealand (NZ). In order to get the correct
information, I asked Aliya while she was speaking in a webinar.
- Is Islamophobia in
NZ due to Hindu culture or Indian politics?
- Does Hindutva (BJP
Politics) cause Islamophobia in NZ?
She answered, "the
vast majority of Islamophobia has come from the right wing; however, it is not
exclusive.”[279]
In my opinion, her answer is vague, and she is not sure from where and how much
it comes. It implies that it is not from Hindu culture.[280]
Quoting Rehman and Danzeisen,
Bingham reported on 6 June 2022, “there are new threats from the far-right
Hindutva nationalist movement,” “it’s extreme hate”, “It’s dehumanizing
material, trying to dehumanize our [Muslim] community” and “it needs to be
taken seriously”.[281]
Police did not confirm that far-right Hindu organizations are threats.
Facebook replied to the concern
of Aliya Danzeisen that “we reviewed the page you reported for harassment and
found it doesn’t violate our community standards. NZ police also confirmed that
they did not know who posted these comments. ”[282] . The Security
Intelligence Service released a Combined Threat Assessment Group report that
while threatening language had been noted online, no physical violence had been
detected. There may be inter-communal violence between individuals, but it can
not be classified under terrorist actions.”[283] Police, as per the
report of Bingham, did not confirm that Hindus acted violently or their actions
come under terrorism.
I asked Ramesh Naidu of the
Police on 25 September 2022 in HOTA meeting. Do police maintain a register of reported
hatred? He confirmed that Police maintain a register.
To confirm exact
information about violence by Hindus against others in New Zealand, I asked NZ
Police National Headquarters Wellington the following questions under the
Official Information Act 1982 section 15A(1). Ministerial Services Advisor
answered on 6 October 2022 that a “proper response to the request cannot reasonably
be made within the original time limit and requires time beyond the date of my dissertation
submission that is time until 22 November 2022. My questions were
- What were Police
actions taken in response to the claims of Mohan Dutta and others that
Hindu nationalism and extremism are present in New Zealand?
- Did Police find that
any Hindu individuals in New Zealand were involved in any Hindu
nationalist or extremist (or other concerning activity motivated by
Hindutva), including but not limited to online harassment or intimidation?
- Were any Hindu
individuals warned or arrested for extremist or other concerning activity,
including but not limited to online harassment or intimidation?
- How many crimes
inspired by Hindu nationalism are recorded in New Zealand, including but
not limited to physical or verbal abuse of Muslims?
- What was the nature
of this activity?
- Were any Hindu
organizations warned of extremist or other concerning activity?
- Has the Police assessed
the level of Hindu nationalism and extremism in New Zealand?
According to Police:
Andrew Little, the minister responsible for security and intelligence services,
says, “New Zealand is not immune to threats, including threats from faith and
politically-motivated violent extremism.”[284]
“Our role is to investigate violent extremism, specifically individuals who
have the capability and intent to carry out an attack or support those who do,”
the NZSIS said.[285]
Police did not agree with
Dutta and said that "no far-right nationalist groups or extremist Indian
groups are designated as terrorist entities in New Zealand."[286]
Head of the Ministry for
Ethnic Communities, Mervin Singham, said Ministry did not condone organizations
or individuals expressing views that marginalize or denigrate people for having
different beliefs.
Has there been any intimidation? Any violence?
Sapna tweets that I have
been intimidated and threatened multiple times by various members of the Hindu
Council of New Zealand and other random uncles/toxic men of Hindutva.” [287]
She wrote the names of Maharaj Khar, Dharmendra Singh, Nitish Jangra, Vikas
Dravidian, and Ashis M Khatri. But no links were available to verify.
Dutta distorts history.
In another Tweet, Dutta correlates vegetarianism during Diwali
Celebrations with Crown funding and then adds that the Crown perpetuates
Casteism.[288]
Does it make sense to link Crown to vegetarianism and Brahminism? Dutta assumes
that his criticism is equal to that of Massey University and other academics.[289]
In just two days (October 20, 21, and 22, 2022), I noted that Mr. Dutta
tweeted forty-two tweets rejuvenating Hindutva issues to profit from hate.[290]
Conclusion
This dissertation studied
text and secondary sources and confirmed that most Kiwi-Hindus do not express
their opinion vocally and want to remain invisible. Second, Islamophobia exists
in NZ, but not due to Hindu Dharma and Hindu culture (Hinduism and Hindutva). Dutta
confirms, "If you read the literature in Aotearoa on Indians in NZ,
there’s no reference to the presence of Hindutva.”[291] Main critique Danzeisen
also replied with a vague answer to my question and blamed right-wing political
parties. Police confirmed that Hindutva in New Zealand does not cause extreme
violent conflict.
It confirms my thesis
that the Chinmaya mission does not preach a violent ideology. Hindu
organizations and temples preach love, not hatred. Further study is required to
prove the hypothesis of Rajendra Singh and K.S. Sudarshan that “Hinduism is the
panacea for all the problems of the world.”[292]
Hindus believe in Vasudhaive Kutumbkam, Sarve Bhaventu Sukhinah,
Dharma-Karma-Moksha theory, Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah, Yoga, Ayurveda, Veda,
Astrology, and Bhagwat Geeta. In other words, further study must prove that Hinduism
minimizes conflict, for Hinduism is not static and bound by a book. Hinduism changes
with science and technology development.
Hindus believe in
सर्वे भवन्ति सुखिनः
/ सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः
// सर्वे भद्राणि पश्च्यन्तु
/ मा कश्चिद दुःख भाग भवेत
//
(All should be happy,
healthy, and prosperous; no one should suffer).
The published report by
Spinoff, New Zealand Herald, and RNZ on Dutta's "Cultural Hindutva and
Islamophobia" polarised immigrants, residents, and citizens, from India in
NZ.
Is there any politics in
publishing hate news in NZ? It could not be ascertained or confirmed. This confirms that social media acts
positively and negatively in both ways. It is due to this reason Hindus in NZ
understood the motive of Dutta and overlooked his hate propaganda to maintain
peace and harmony in New Zealand.
Overall, this study confirms
the existence of Islamophobia in New Zealand (NZ). The study demonstrates that
Muslims fear the BJP policies of Modi in India and that the media has
exacerbated this fear. Hindu culture does not cause Islamophobia in NZ.
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Appendix
Appendix 1: Chart of Sangh Parivar
Chart
of the family of Hindutva organisations in India, UK (VHP-UK), US (VHP-US),
Australia (VHP-A) and New Zealand (VHP-NZ) (modified from Leidig Dissertation).
 |
 |
 |
 |
Nomenclature
A Australia
BJP Bhartiya Janta Party
HSC Hindu Students Council
HSS Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
NHS National Hindu Students
Forum
NZ New Zealand
OF Overseas Friends
RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh
RSS (W) Rashtriya SwayamSevika Sangh for
Women
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America
VHP Vishwa Hindu Parishad
WHC World Hindu Council
Appendix 2: Sangh Pariwar Details : [293]
· Rashtriya
Swayemsevak Sangh (RSS founded in 1925) – Organisations of Shakhas in India
·
Rashtriya Swayemsevika Sangh (1936)
founded by Laxmi Bai Lelkar.[294]
·
Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS founded in
1966) – Organizations of Shakhas (Branches) around the world
- Religious wing
(Vishwa Hindu Parishad -VHP and World Hindu Council -WHC)
- Student Wing (Akhil
Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad – ABVP for India)
- Hindu Students
Council (HSC – international wing)
- Political Party
(Bhartiya Janta Party - BJP)
- Peasants Bhartiya Kisan Sangh (BKS)
- Workers Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
- Women Branch
– Hindu Sevika – Bhartiya Mahila Morcha (BMM)
- Tribal –
Projects for tribal in India – Kalyan Ashram
- Youth Front
– Bhartiya Janta Yuva Morcha (BJYM)
- Charity Branch
- Medical Branch
- Media and
Publications
- Educational Projects
– Vidya Bharti, Saraswati Shishu, Vidya Mandirs, Ekal Vidyalaya
Foundations.
- Transnational:
(Depending on the necessity and availability of resources each national
branch copies Indian organisational structure).
- Kenya,
Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Tanganyka, Zanzibar
- Burma,
Mauritious, Madagaskar
- United
Kingdom (2 July 1966)
- United
States, Australia (1998), Hindu Federation Canada (1999), New Zealand
(1990)
World Wide Web (Cyber Shakhas
– Skype Shakhas – E-shakhas ). These are in US, Japan, Nigeria etc and maintain
links with the original shakhas in India
Five Authorities of
Websites are of
- RSS
- Organiser
- Hindu Universe
- Hindu Jan Jagruti
- Haindava Keralam
[of Thewarth on pages 558-559 and
IP addresses of the Sangh Parivar’s electronic network on page no. 571.
Appendix 3: Hindu Temples in
Auckland, New Zealand
1.
Bhakti Centre [Sri Sri Radha Damodar
Temple – Krishna Pranami]. 11 Pleasant View Road, Panmure, Auckland 1072. Phone
(09) 908-8268/ Contact Damodar Prabhu ji 527-8146 and 021-270-3424. http://bhakticentre.org.nz
2.
Bhartiya Mandir Indian Temple. 252-254
Balmoral Road, Mt Albert, Sandringham, Auckland. 09-946-2677 / 09 846 2677. http://bharatiyamandir.org.nz
3.
Chinmaya Mission New Zealand. 63 McKenze
Road, Mangere Bridge, Auckland 2022. +64 220800108, Swami Amritananda
+64211460438. http://www.chinmaya.org.nz
4.
Ganesh Temple. No 4, Dent Place, Papakura,
New Zealand. http://www.aucklandsriganeshtemple.com
5.
Hanuman Mandir [Shree Sanatan Dharam
Hanuman Mandir INC]. 14 Bay Park Place, Birkdale, Auckland, New Zealand 0625.
Phone (09) 4839460. http://shreehanumanmandir.org.nz
6.
Hare Krishna Temple. 1229 Coatesville
Riverhead, HWY 0892. (09) 4128075. http://www.harekrishna.org.nz ISCON temple.
7.
Maa Durga Temple, 4/3 Onslow Avenue,
Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand. (09)2798108/2134898/+64224524622. Maa Shakti
Charitable Trust. http://maadurgatemple.co.nz
8.
Radha Krishna Mandir [Auckland Indian
Association Inc.] Mahatma Gandhi Centre, 145 New North Road, Eden Terrace,
Auckland 1021. Pandit Ji Dr. Dev Ram Bhai Raval (09) 3794463/ 02102442048.
Chairman Ramesh Bhai Bhagwan (09) 275-5350 / 021-2531647 http://www.aiai.org
9.
Ram Mandir [Shree Ram Mandir], 11 Brick
Street, Henderson, Auckland 2104. Phone (09) 8364647 . http://shrirammandir.org.nz
Shri Ram Mandir Charitable Trust.
10.
Ramakrishna Mandir, 25 Onslow Avenue,
Papatoetoe, Auckland 2104. Phone (09) 2786341. httP://ram-krishna-mandir.jany.io
11.
SaibabaTemple. 41 Stanhope Road,
Ellerslie, Auckland 1051. (09)8453239 / 021332972 http://www.saibabatemple.org.nz
Alayam New Zealand Hindu Temple [New Zealand Hindu Temple Society Inc], 41
Stanhope Road, Ellerslie, Auckland 1051. Phone 09-627-8008. This temple is also
of Shirdi Sababa Temple. It owner looks to be different.
12.
Satsangh Ramayan Mandali Waikato Inc. 31
Bartholomew Drive, Nawton, Hamilton 3200.
13.
Shirdi Sai Baba Temple. 12-18 Princes
Street, Onehunga, Auckland. 0800-524-724. http://shirdisaibaba.org.nz
E mail secretary@shirdisaibaba.org.nz
13.1
Shirdi Saibaba Temple Mount Wellington
14.
Shiv Mandir, 43 Holmes Road, Manurewa,
Auckland. 09-2675290
15.
Swami Narayan Mandir (Shree Bhagwan
Swaminarayan Temple), 21 Barrhead Place, Avondale Auckland. 09-828-2277. http://www.baps.org
15.1
Swami Narayan Temple [IISO]. 10 Wentworth
Avenue, Papatoetoe 2016/2025. Phone 09-277-5756
15.2
Swami Narayan Temple [SMVS] 62 B
Greenmount Drive, East Tamaki.
15.3
Swami Narayan Temple. 170 Parish Line
Road, Clevedon Auckland 2582. http://www.sstakl.org
16.
Thiru Murugan Temple. 145 Church Street,
Otahuhu 1062, New Zealand. 021-269-7826 and 09 276 2754. http://nzmurugan.org.nz
E mail nzmurugantemple@xtra.co.nz
16.1
Thiru Murugan Temple. 174 Marua Road,
Auckland 1051. Phone [09]525-1026. http://nzmurugan.org,nz
17.
Thiru Subramaniyar Aalayam. 69 Tidal Road,
Mangere 2022. It is temple with granite statues. http://aalayam.co.nz
Appendix 4 Cultural methods to
propagate Hinduism
Cultural methods to
propagate Hinduism:
- Religious:
1.
Worshipping together at home and in
temples
2.
Visiting Lord Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh
3.
Visiting Vaishno Devi Mata in Jammu and
Kashmir
4.
Chintpurni, Jawalamukhi Mata in Himachal
Pradesh
5.
Shiva Temple (Rameshwaram) in Tamil Nadu
6.
Visiting four Dhaam in India – Dwarka,
Rudra Prayag, Amarnath, Mansarovar
7.
Fasting together during Karvachouth
festival of women and joining together in the evening for worship.
8.
Navratri celebrations for nine days
9.
Eating together (Langar in Gurudwaras in
Sikhism)
10.
Taking bath together in the river (Kumbh
Mela and Bihar’s Chhath festival)
- Karma Yoga
1.
Donations
2.
Feeding to poor people
3.
Seva (service without personal interests)
4.
Yoga Classes
5.
Bhagwat Geeta teachings
6.
Blood donations
- Entertainment:
1.
Bollywood in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
2.
Tollywood in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
3.
Bhojpuri Films, Patna, Bihar.
- Festivals: Indians
including Hindus celebrate Muslim festivals also, but in this dissertation
it is not included.
1.
Lohri, Sankranti,
2.
Basant Panchmi
3.
Holi
4.
Krishna Janamashtami
5.
Ram Navami celebrations for nine days.
6.
Dussera festival
7.
Deepawali Festival
8.
Guru Purnima
9.
Gurunanak Dev birthday
10.
Christmas
11.
English New Year day (31st
December night to 1st January)
12.
Onam in Kerala
13.
Pongal in Andhra Pradesh
14.
Budh Purnima
15.
Kumbh Mela – Holy dip in Ganges
- Kambdi Yatra to take
holi water of Ganga to their villages and houses on foot.
- National festivals
like Independence day15 August, Republic day 26 January, Mahatma Gandhi’s
birthday 2 October.
- Family functions
inviting friends and relations
1.
Celebration of a birth in the house after
forty days
2.
Janeu Sanskar (thread around neck and arm)
3.
Naam Karan Samskara
4.
Marriage Samskara
5.
Death and Pind Daan and Asthi Visarjan in
Ganga/river/sea
6.
Remembering parents, grandparents on death
dates. It is known as Shraadh days and held by elder son of the family for
parents and grand parents. Activities are feeding Brahmins and poor people,
visiting temples. Once in a year.
Appendix 6: Main Hindu
Organisations in New Zealand[295]
·
Art of Living Foundation is a non profit
organization. 93 Lansford Crescent, Avondale 0600, phone 021584 405.
·
Auckland Indian Association Inc. 145 New
North Road, Eden Terrace, Auckland 1021. Phone 09-3570665. Main aim is to
preserve and promote the Indian culture and heritage. It facilitates
communication and understanding of Indian cultural matters of the Indian
community. http://www.aiai.org.nz
·
BAPS Swaminarayan
·
Bay of Plenty Indian Association. 4.3% of
the County’s Indian population lived in the Bay of Plenty (source NZH).A new Bay of Plenty Indian association is believed to be the
first of its kind in the area - NZ Herald
·
Bhartiya Samaj Charitable Trust: 13 May
Road, Mount Roskill, Auckland 1041, New Zealand jeet@xtra.co.nz
Jeet Sachdeva is the chairperson of this Charitable Trust. Phone 021 222 1020. http://www.bsct.org.nz
·
Central Districts Indian Association. Aim
is to promote and preserve Indian culture in the Central Districts Region of
New Zealand. President is Anita Naran Email cdia.inc@outlook.com http://www.cdia.org.nz
·
Chinmaya Mission http://www.chinmaya.org.nz https://www.chinmayamissionnelson.org.nz/about-us/
·
Christchurch Indian Association. President
is Mr. Vinod Manu. Phone 02102648469 vmanu40410@gmail.com
and Mrs Amita Lallu is secretary of the organization, christchurchindians@outlook.com
Aim is to preserve and foster the culture, language and heritage of Indians in
Christchurch. Established 1935. Affiliation to New Zealand Indian Central
Association.
·
Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation
·
Facebook Page: “The Hindus in New Zealand”
·
Hare Krishna School (ISKCON) Phone 09 412
6325 E mail admin@harekrishna.school.nz Website www.harekrishna.school.nz
Address 1229 Coatsville – Riverhead
Highway, Kumeu, Auckland 0892.
·
Hindu Council of New Zealand (Hamilton)
·
Hindu Council of New Zealand (HCNZ) is
affiliated with Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). According to Citizens Advice
Bureau (CAB) of New Zealand website, the Hindu Council of New Zealand promote
universal human values and coexistence. National body is in Auckland. It
provides care for the children, elderly. It aims to bring all like minded
organizations and institutions together to promote universal human values and
coexistence. https://www.cab.org.nz/community-directory/KB00008353
·
Hindu Elders Foundation
·
Hindu Foundation NZ INC (HFNZ). It
advocates for policies and practices that ensure the well being of all mankind
based on Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam (Universal brotherhood of all living beings. http://hindufoundation.org.nz
·
Hindu Heritage Research Foundation (NZ)
Phone 09 277 5606 E mail hhresearch.foundation@gmail.com
Website http://www.hinduheritage.org.nz Address: 79 Cambridge Terrace, Papatoetoe,
Auckland 2025.
·
Hindu Organizations, Temples and
Associations (HOTA), a representative body for Hindu groups in New Zealand.
·
Hindu Social Service Foundation
·
Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh New Zealand
(HSSNZ)
·
Hindu Youth New Zealand [Hindu Youth New
Zealand Association] (HYI)
·
Indian Association Manukau New Zealand. 57
Hillside Road, Papatoetoe 2025. Phone 0221971916. It welcomes Indians from any
origin from India and around the world. There are no qualifications based on
caste, creed, state, origin or financial commitment. http://www.inzone.org.nz
·
Hare Krishna Organization of New Zealand
is a branch of International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), which
was incorporated in New York in 1966. It is a devotional movement and does not
allow anyone to take part in political movements. http://www.harkrishna.org.nz
·
Manawatu Hindu Society: Main aim is to
serve the people of Manawatu district and serving the needs of the Hindu
Community but all are welcome. Phone +64212692442, http://manawatuhindusociety.co.nz
Society is supported by temple. Land is 2000M2 and building constructed is
400M2.
·
New Zealand Hindu Students Forum [New
Zealand Hindu Council]
·
New Zealand Indian Central Association
Inc. (NZICA) is an umbrella body for Indian Community groups through out
Aotearoa since 1926. It supports welfare, youth, women, culture. It is located
at Mahatma Gandhi Centre, 145 New North Road, Auckland. Phone 09 309 6277 http://www.nzindians.org.nz
·
New Zealand Punjabi Cultural Association
·
Organization of Hindu Malayalee (OHM NZ).
This organization is of Hindu Malayalees of New Zealand. It believes in
Vasudhaiv Kumtumbkam philosophy of Sanatan Dharma. Its aim is to promote good
race relations and the Hindu cultural heritage of India and Kerala. It believes
“Hinduism as a religion of humanity that encompasses honesty, good will,
patience and generosity”.http://ohmnz.org.nz
·
Sri Om Devi Temple (Sriom Devi Dwarka),
250 Hull Road, Waiuku 2682, NZ. www.sriompravruthi.org
Main aim of the organization is “Humanity leads divinity.” Sriomdevi is a new
deity to this earth. She took 18 births in different regions of this earth. The
significance of her birth represents bringing all cultures under one roof which
envisions the motto “Humanity leads divinity.”
·
Pukekohe Indian Association. Pukekohe
Indian Association (PIA) centre is built in Pukekohe. It is used for local
events.
·
Satya Sai Organization. Aim is to love and
serve all; help ever and hurt never. It is an international organization. “The
hallmark of love is selfless sacrifice (thyaga). Love seeks nothing from
anyone. It bears no ill-will towards anyone. It is utterly selfless and pure.”
It is located in 110 countries as per the website. www.sathyasai.org.nz
·
Sewa International Limited is an
international organization. It was incorporated in New Zealand on 27 August
1999. Address: 22 Riverhills Avenue, Pakuranga, Auckland, New Zealand. Director
is Imran Muhammad. It is a business organization. But name is Sewa means
service.
·
Shanti Niwas Charitable Trust: 14 Spring
Street, Onehunga, Auckland shantiniwas@xtra.co.nz Phone 09 622 1010
·
Vishwa Hindu Parishad
·
Waikato Indian Association. Indian
Cultural Society Waikato was formed in 1990. Aim of the society is to foster
advancement of Indian tradition, language and literature and promote and
develop multicultural philosophy within NZ society. Address: 82 Duke Street,
Frankton, Hamilton 3204; 27 Eclipse Rise Flagstaff, Hamilton 3210. Contact
Jujhar Singh Randhawa Phone 0275777221 Email Waikato.indian.association@gmail.com
·
Wellington Indian Association. Association
is a charitable organization. It was established in 1925 to foster Indian
culture for Indians in Wellington. Aim of the association is to promote a
better understanding of the Hindu religion and Indian culture. Email secretary@wia.org.nz
48, Kemp Street, Kilbirnie, Wellington, NZ Phone +64 4 387-3003 http://www.wia.org.nz
Appendix 7: Main Hindu Activities
·
Running Bal Vihars to educate children and
organizing children’s camps
·
Youth Conferences and Youth Camps
·
Family Camps
·
National Conferences
·
Yoga classes by Hindu organizations
·
Cultural activities – celebrations of
festivals together
·
Teaching Gita, Mahabharta and Ramayan
classes
·
Tree plantation
·
Blood donations
·
Serving elders
Appendix 8 Total Population of New Zealand
|
Total Population of New Zealand |
https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-ethnic-groups-dataset |
||||||||||
|
Total Population of New Zealand |
|||||||||||
|
No Religion |
2006 |
2013 |
2018 |
% of 2018 |
|||||||
|
No Religion |
1297104 |
1635348 |
2264601 |
48.09 |
|||||||
|
Buddhism |
52362 |
58407 |
52761 |
1.12 |
|||||||
|
Christian |
2027418 |
1858977 |
1717179 |
36.47 |
|||||||
|
Hinduism |
64389 |
89916 |
123384 |
2.62 |
|||||||
|
Islam |
36072 |
46146 |
60621 |
1.29 |
|||||||
|
Judaism |
6858 |
6867 |
5265 |
0.11 |
|||||||
|
Maori Religions, beliefs and Philosophies |
67758 |
55380 |
61698 |
1.31 |
|||||||
|
Spiritualism, and New Age Religion |
19800 |
18288 |
19434 |
0.41 |
|||||||
|
Other Religion and Beliefs and Philosophies |
22038 |
31650 |
91062 |
1.93 |
|||||||
|
Object to answering |
242610 |
173034 |
312795 |
6.64 |
|||||||
|
Total States |
3836409 |
3974013 |
4708800 |
100 |
|||||||
|
Not elsewhere inclusive |
292974 |
347298 |
0 |
||||||||
|
Grand Total |
4129383 |
4321311 |
4708800 |
||||||||
Appendix 9 Indian Population in New Zealand
|
|
|
Total Population of Indians in New Zealand |
Percentage |
||||||
|
2006 |
2013 |
2018 |
On the basis |
||||||
|
of 2018 total |
|||||||||
|
No Religion |
5022 |
9027 |
19362 |
8.06 |
|
||||
|
Buddhism |
354 |
552 |
798 |
0.33 |
|
||||
|
Christian |
17268 |
24585 |
36195 |
15.06 |
|
||||
|
Hinduism |
57192 |
81033 |
111504 |
46.40 |
|
||||
|
Islam |
11307 |
16398 |
20913 |
8.70 |
|
||||
|
Judaism |
84 |
99 |
69 |
0.03 |
|
||||
|
Maori Religions, beliefs and Philosophies |
276 |
255 |
315 |
0.13 |
|
||||
|
Spiritualism, and New Age Religion |
96 |
129 |
216 |
0.09 |
|
||||
|
Other Religion and Beliefs and Philosophies |
10524 |
20097 |
42384 |
17.64 |
|
||||
|
Object to answering |
2088 |
2454 |
8541 |
3.55 |
|
||||
|
Total States |
104211 |
154629 |
240297 |
100 |
|
||||
|
Not elsewhere inclusive |
2853 |
4116 |
0 |
|
|||||
|
Total States |
104583 |
155178 |
239193 |
|
|||||
Appendix 10 Muslim Population in New Zealand
|
Muslims from Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka |
|||||||
|
2006 |
2013 |
2018 |
|
||||
|
Bangla Desh |
1326 |
1386 |
1857 |
|
|||
|
Fiji Indians |
1575 |
3012 |
3660 |
|
|||
|
Nepal |
|
||||||
|
|
India |
|
|
11307 |
16398 |
20913 |
|
|
Pakistan |
1815 |
2859 |
5406 |
|
|||
|
Sri Lanka |
3 |
0 |
72 |
|
|||
Muslims from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka are 31,908 out of total Muslim population of 60,621 in the year 2018.
Muslims from each state of India could not be retrieved.
[1]
Hoadley, New Zealand United States Relations, 1.
[2]
Miller, Party Politics in New Zealand, 196.
[3]
Hewett, “Christchurch Mosque attack: Three years on, March 15 families still
facing racism in daily lives.”
[4] 1
News, Australian Islamophobia report ‘reflective of NZ situation’, 5:10.
[5]
Wilson and Halpin, “Explaining the gap between online violent extremism and
offline inaction among far right groups: a study of Action Zealandia from 2019
to 2021,” 11.
[6]
Morton, “Islamophobia in New Zealand: where does it come from?"
[7]
CARE, #ENDTHEHATE Strategies Foe Dismantling Hate-Guest Speaker, 5:06.
[8]
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[96] Zee
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Modi, Shri Narendra Modi describes his views on Secularism. 0:31.
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Mahapatra, “Hindu, Hinduism and Hindutva, as understood by Supreme Court [of
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Nandy, “A disowned father of the nation in India: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and
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Sharma, “Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism,” 120.
[114]
Chaturvedi, “A new book examines VD Savarkar’s project to establish Hindutva
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[115]
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[116]
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[118]
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Mahapatra, “Hindu, Hinduism and Hindutva, as understood by Supreme court.”
[120]
Thobani, “Alt-Right with the Hindu-right: long-distance nationalism and the
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[121]
Sharma, Hindutva: Exploring the idea of Hindu nationalism, 161-162.
[122]
Albayaan Arabic Foundation, “Why Hindutva attacking Muslims in Leicester?| What
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[123]
Ramachandran, “Hindutva Violence in India,” 16.
[124]
Ramakrishna, “The Growing Challenge of the Extreme Right.”
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[126]
ABP News, Exclusive: Musalmano ka Mudda Sabse Jayeda Uthaata Rehunga,
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[127]
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[128]
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[129]
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[130]
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[136]
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[137]
Jaffrelot, “Misunderstanding secularism: Teaching Gita doesn’t go against
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[138]
NH Correspondent/Lucknow, “If Gita, Ramayan mandatory in Madrasas, make Quran
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[139]
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[140]
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[153]
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[154]
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[155]
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[156]
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[157]
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[158]
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[159]
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[162] Berti, “The Local Enactment of Hindutva:
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[170]
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[172]
Nachowitz, iv.
[173]
Leckie 186.
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[180]
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[181]
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[182]
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[183]
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[184]
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[185]
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[186]
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[187]
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[188]
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[189]
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[190]
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[191]
High Commission of India New Zealand, “Indian Community e-Directory 2022,”
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[192]
Kiwi-Indians, “Indian organisations welcome Immigration New Zealand outreach.”
[193]
Morris, “Diverse religions – Religious diversity in New Zealand.” page 2.
[194]
Morris, “Diverse religions – Religious diversity in New Zealand.” page 2.
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Mlecko, “The Guru in Hindu Tradition,” 51.
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Mlecko, “The Guru in Hindu Tradition,”58.
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[198]
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[199]
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[200]
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[205]
Berti, “Introduction,” 2.
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Berti, “Introduction,” 2-4.
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Jaffrelot, “The Diaspora and Hindu Nationalism,” 363.
[208]
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[210]
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[211]
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[212]
Dutta, “Cultural Hindutva and Islamophobia.”
[213]
Bingham explained in his series of reports from May 31 to June 06, 2022, in
Chapter 1: Iceberg, Chapter 2: Threats and Warnings, Chapter 3: Spies and
Brides, Chapter 4: An Exercise and Warning, Chapter 5: That Day, Chapter 6:
Change is Coming, Chapter 7: Threats old and New. References of these reports
are in the Bibliography under Bingham.
[214]
Gudavarthy, “The root of the poison.”
[215]
Shahid, “An ugly Islamophobia has surfaced in New Zealand, from India.”
[216]
Subramanian, “How Hindu supremacists are tearing India apart.”
[217]
Ministry of Law and Justice, “The Gazette of India: The Citizenship (Amendment)
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[218]
Shahid, “An ugly Islamophobia has surfaced in New Zealand from India.”
[219] RNZ, “Prof
Mohan Dutta: the worrying rise of right-wing Hindutva thinking.”
[220]
Shahid, “An ugly Islamophobia has surface in New Zealand, from India.”
[221]
First Up, “Temple event ‘celebration of Islamophobia’-academic.”
[222]
RNZ, Prof. Mohan Dutta: the worrying rise of right wing Hindutva thinking.
[223]
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Ayodhya.”
[224]
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[225]
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[226]
India Today, “ 25 years since the demolition of Babri Masjid: A timeline of the
Ayodhya dispute.”
[227]
Chakroborty, “ Ram Mandir Babri Masjid dispute: all you need to know about the
long standing Ayodhya issue.”
[228]
Dutta, “Hate, Hindutva, and Ayodhya Temple.”
[229]
Dutta (@mjdutt), “Note here the usual tropes to target academics.”
[230]
Bidwai, “Confronting the reality of Hindutva terrorism.”
[231]
Sharma, Hindutva: Exploring the idea of Hindu nationalism, 114-164.
[232]
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[233]
Berti, Jaoul and Kanungo, Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva: Local
Mediations and Forms of Convergence.
[234]
Pandya, “Guru Culture in South Asia: The Case of Chinmaya Mission in South
Asia.”
[235]
Dutta, “Cultural Hindutva and Islamophobia.”
[236]
Kumbamu, “Saffron Fascism: The Conflux of Hindutva Ultra Nationalism,
Neoliberal Extractivism, and the Rise of Authoritarian Populism in Modi’s
India,”161-177.
[237]
SHHAN, “Stop Hindu Hate Advocacy Network,” Mohan J Dutta.
[238]
CIA, “The World Fact Book: Terrorism,.”
[239]
Dutta, “The violence of whiteness and Hindutva: Colonial formations.”
[240]
Dutta, “The violence of whiteness and Hindutva: Colonial formations.”
[241]
RNZ, “Prof Mohan Dutta: the worrying rise of right-wing Hindutva thinking,”
Podcast.
[242]
Dismantlinghindutva (@dghconference), “Dismantling Global Hindutva is a 3-day
conference.”
[243]
“Dismantling Global Hindutva.”
[244]
Unlisted, “DGH: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Closing Statement.”
[245]
Ibid.
[246]
Operajita, “Dismantling Global Hindutva: A Hinduphobic conference.”
[247]
Walters, “The rise of Hindutva and hate in Aotearoa’s Indian diaspora.”
[248]
RNZ, “Man shot dead at Countdown supermarket in Auckland.”
[249]
Walters, “The rise of Hindutva and hate in Aotearoa’s Indian diaspora.”
[250]
Masilamani, “Leader of Indian community accused of threatening Auckland
protesters.”
[251]
Walters, “The rise of Hindutva and hate in Aotearoa’s Indian diaspora.”
[252]
Walters, Ibid.
[253]
Tan, “Police aware of concerns about far-right Indian nationalist groups in
NZ.”
[254]
AAPI, “The Falsehoods of the Hindutva Ecosystem in Aotearoa. Or, How’s that for
social cohesion?”
[255]
CARE, CARE White Paper: Hindutva, digital networks of hate, and implications
for democracy….The Kashmir Files in Aotearoa, 45:36.
[256]
PTI, “64,287 Kashmiri Pandit families left Kashmir valley in early 1990s due to
militancy: MHA.”
[257]
Zee News, Amit Shah Jammu Kashmir Speech Live: Shah Ka wo Bhashan Jab Hila
Pakistan, 1:00.
[258]
AAPI, “The Falsehoods of the Hindutva Ecosystem in AOTEAROA. Or, How’s that for
social cohesion?”
[259]
AAPI, “The Falsehoods of the Hindutva Ecosystem in AOTEAROA. Or, How’s that for
social cohesion?”
[260]
Shahid, “An ugly Islamophobia has surfaced in New Zealand from India.”
[261]
Bingham, “Lessons from a terror attack. When did we forget how to listen to
each other? Chapter 7: Threats Old and New.”
[262]
Dutta (@mjdutt), “Academics doing justice-based scholarship should join
unions.”
[263]
Tan, “Massey research paper on Hindutva leads to trolling, persecution and
threats.”
[264]
“Hindu Youth New Zealand condemn Hinduphobic Whitepaper.”
[265]
Yaghi and Ryan, “‘Because you’re all covered up’: Islamophobia in the ELT
Classroom.”
[266]
Nishimura, Nevgi, and Tella, “Communication Style and Cultural Features in
High/Low Context Communication Cultures: A Case Study of Finland, Japan, and
India,” 792
[267]
Berti, “Introduction,” 22.
[268]
“Chinmay Mission”
[269]
Chinmaya Mission, “Nelson.”
[270]
Toffin, “On the Margins of Hindutva: The Krishna Pranami Sect in Nepal and
India,” 182.
[271]
Toffin, “On the Margins of Hindutva: The Krishna Pranami Sect in Nepal and
India,”182.
[272]
“Hindu Foundation NZ INC (HFNZ).”
[273]
Berti, “ Introduction,” 6.
[274]
Bhartiya Janta Party, Hum Narayan Guru ji ke Awahan ko Samjhe, to Payenge ki
unke Sandeshon se atamnirbhar Bharat ka bhi marg banta hai.(if we follow
Guru, than India can become self relaint)
[275]
Mahaprashasta, “Delhi Riots: ‘Delayed Deployment of Additional Forces Escalated
violence,’ says Fact-Finding Panel.
[276]
Armoudian, Kill the Messenger: The Media’s Role in the Fate of the World,
287-288.
[277]
Tan, “Massey University professor hit by right wing Hindu trolls.”
[278]
Dutta, “The White colonizer will extract, steal, erase, and repeat the cycle.”
[279]
Bridge Initiative, “Mosques Under Attack: Islamic places of worship have become
targets of far-right violence in the west.”
[280]
Datta, “Hindu culture does not cause violence.”
[281]
Bingham, “Lessons from a terror attack. When did we forget how to listen to
each other? Chapter 7: Threats Old and New.”
[282]
Bingham, “Lessons from a terror attack. When did we forget how to listen to
each other? Chapter 7: Threats Old and New.”
[283]
Bingham, “Lessons from a terror attack. When did we forget how to listen to
each other? Chapter 7: Threats Old and New.”
[284]
Walters, “The Rise of Hindutva and Hate in Aotearoa’s Indian Diaspora.”
[285]
Walters, “The Rise of Hindutva and Hate in Aotearoa’s Indian Diaspora.”
[286]
Walters, “The rise of Hindutva and hate in Aotearoa’s Indian diaspora.”
[287]
Samant (@drsapna), “Here in Aotearoa I have been intimidated.”
[288]
Dutta (@mjdutt), “Forcing vegetarianism during Diwali Celebrations with Crown
funding.”
[290]
Dutta (@mjdutt), “ Note here the usual tropes to target academics.”
[291]
Dutt (@mjdutt), “If you read the literature in Aotearoa on Indians.”
[292]
Jaffrelot, “From Holi Sites to Websites: Hindu Nationalism, from Sacred
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[293]
Therwath, “Cyber-hindutva: Hindu nationalism, the diaspora and the Web,”
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[294]
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[295]
Vishwa Hindu Parishad, “Hindus Abroad.”
