This policy paper examines how intergroup hate can emerge and spread, and provides practical tools and conceptual frameworks not only to respond after tensions erupt, but also to anticipate, diagnose, and prevent them.
The analysis highlights an important development challenge: exclusion, inequality, and weak institutions can undermine both social stability and long-term development progress.
Read the full paper "The Cycle of Hate, and What We Can Do About It": 1:29AM 2 June 2026
2. Realist theory by John Mearsheimer
No theory is always right. But without theory, there cannot be any foreign policy. Theories are important if you want to train children. There are three main theories
Realist theory
Liberal theory
Economic independence theory
Ideological theory
Marxist theory
Liberal democracies do not wage war on each other. If China becomes powerful, then China will dominate East Asian politics. This is realism.
You can not wage foreign policy without any theory. Realism is hard to sell. Convincing people that do not make China strong economically, for after twenty years or thirty years what may be the intentions of China. No one can predict intentions after a long time of economic growth.
From 1800 to 2026, pick up the theories that can explain geopolitics. 226 years there were many events. 1814-1853, democratic peace theory can not explain / Economc independence /
France - Britain and Russia fought with Germany and Italy.
World War I, World War II, the Unipolar World after 1991, and the multipolar world after 2017.
Realist theory explains some details, but Marxist theory or ideology theory can not explain.
There should be a theory of how the world works.
You can not know the intentions of the states. One is the capabilities of states, which can be assessed easily. But intentions are in the heads of individuals. It is very difficult to discern. Soviet Capability can be discussed, but what about intentions? "Tragedy of Great Power Politics"
The principal assumptions of Realism are
1. Living in a state with no higher authority, among many states living together. In other words, an anarchic system.
2. States are principal actors. There is no one above state to decide. Some have a more offensive striking capability.
3. Intions of other states cannot be known and are unknown.
4 Economic might can increase the military power
4 Principal goal of the state is survival
5. States are rational
If you mix them together, then there is a problem. If a state is powerful economically, then if intentions are unknown, it may lead to more military power.
The best way to survive is for a regional hegemon, such as the USA, in the Western Hemisphere. The USA is poking its nose in Europe and in Asia.
When a state is weak, then you suffer humiliation. China suffered humiliation from 1840 to the late 1940s. God helps those who help themselves.
The USA is powerful, and so it can roam around in other areas of the world. It is because it is a regional hegemon in the Western Hemisphere.
The Monroe Doctrine was articulated by the USA President James Monroe in 1823 that Europe should not interfere in the South American states or in Canada. James Monroe was the President of the USA.
Donroe doctrine is Trump's doctrine.
